TIDMTATE

RNS Number : 5560S

Tate & Lyle PLC

07 November 2019

7 November 2019

TATE & LYLE PLC STATEMENT OF HALF YEAR RESULTS

For the six months to 30 September 2019

 
                                        Adjusted results                            Statutory results 
 Six months to 30 
 September(1) 
 Continuing                                                                                         Change 
 operations 
 GBPm unless stated                                    Constant currency 
 otherwise                           2019    2018                 change          2019    2018 
 
 Sales                              1 476   1 383                     2%                                7% 
 Profit before tax 
  (PBT)                               181     166                     3%           164     113         45% 
 Diluted earnings per 
  share (pence)                     30.5p   27.9p                     3%         27.8p   17.4p         60% 
 Net debt - 
  comparative at 31 
  March 2019                                                                      465*     337 
 Dividend per share 
  (pence)                                                                         8.8p    8.6p 
----------------------  -----------------  ------                             --------  ------  ---------- 
 
 
 

Key highlights

   --   Encouraging first-half with performance in line with our expectations 

-- Food & Beverage Solutions delivered top-line momentum and double-digit profit(2) growth

-- Sucralose performed solidly with profit(2) broadly in-line with the comparative period

-- Primary Products profit(2) lower in challenging market conditions

   --   'Sharpen, Accelerate, Simplify' priorities supporting performance 
   --   Four-year US$100m productivity programme on track 
   --   Balance sheet strengthened following UK pension buy-in and debt refinancing 
   --   Important sustainable agriculture programme launched 
   --   Full-year guidance unchanged 

Financial highlights

   --   11% increase in Food & Beverage Solutions profit(2) to GBP90m 

-- Sales 4% higher(3) with good price and mix management in all regions

-- Volume in line with the comparative period

   --   1% decrease in Sucralose profit(2) to GBP29m 
   --   5% decrease in Primary Products profit(2) to GBP86m 

-- Sweeteners and Starches profit(2) 5% lower; Commodities profit(2) in line with the comparative period

   --   Group statutory profit before tax 45% higher due to lower net exceptional costs 
   --   3% increase(3) in adjusted profit before tax 
   --   3% increase(3) in adjusted diluted earnings per share 
   --   Adjusted free cash flow GBP19m higher at GBP171m (GBP2m higher on pre-IFRS 16 basis(*) ) 
   --   Net debt to EBITDA 1.0x (0.6x on pre-IFRS16 basis(*) ) 
   --   Interim dividend increased by 0.2p to 8.8p per share; up 2.3% 

Nick Hampton, Chief Executive, said:

"We made encouraging progress in the first half. In Food & Beverage Solutions, increased focus on pricing and mix management delivered strong growth. Profit from Primary Products was lower despite good performance from our manufacturing and supply chain network as market conditions continued to be challenging. Both divisions benefited from productivity gains and cost discipline. Cash generation was higher and during the half we took further actions to strengthen our balance sheet.

Our priorities to sharpen the focus on our customers, accelerate portfolio development and simplify the business are driving momentum across the organisation and supporting performance. We are also proud to have established an important programme to support sustainable agriculture for US-grown corn.

Overall, the business is in a strong financial position and delivering clear strategic progress.

Despite market challenges, our outlook for the year ending 31 March 2020 is unchanged and we continue to expect earnings per share growth in constant currency to be broadly flat to low-single digit."

1 The adjusted results for the six months to 30 September 2019 have been adjusted to exclude exceptional items, amortisation of acquired intangible assets and the tax on those adjustments. A reconciliation of statutory and adjusted information is included in Note 2 to the Financial Information. Growth percentages are calculated on unrounded numbers.

   2        Adjusted operating profit, percentage change in constant currency 
   3        Change in constant currency 

* IFRS 16 Leases adoption increased net debt by GBP173 million and adjusted free cash flow by GBP17 million. Comparatives have not been restated.

FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS

 
                                                                     Constant 
   Six months to 30 September            2019     2018               currency 
   Continuing operations                 GBPm     GBPm     Change      change 
 Sales: 
  - Food & Beverage Solutions             478      443         8%          4% 
  - Sucralose                              76       77       (1%)        (5%) 
   - Primary Products                     922      863         7%          1% 
------------------------------------  -------  -------  ---------  ---------- 
 Sales                                  1 476    1 383         7%          2% 
------------------------------------  -------  -------  ---------  ---------- 
 Adjusted operating profit 
   - Food & Beverage Solutions             90       77        17%         11% 
  - Sucralose                              29       27         5%        (1%) 
  - Primary Products                       86       85         1%        (5%) 
  - Central                              (22)     (23)         7%          8% 
------------------------------------  -------  -------  ---------  ---------- 
 Adjusted operating profit                183      166        10%          4% 
 Net finance expense                     (15)     (13) 
 Share of profit after tax of joint 
  ventures                                 13       13 
------------------------------------  -------  -------  ---------  ---------- 
 Adjusted profit before tax               181      166         9%          3% 
------------------------------------  -------  -------  ---------  ---------- 
 Adjusted effective tax rate            20.9%    21.5% 
------------------------------------  -------  -------  ---------  ---------- 
 
 Adjusted diluted earnings per 
  share                                 30.5p    27.9p         9%          3% 
 Adjusted free cash flow                  171      152 
 Net debt - comparative at 31 March 
  2019                                    465      337 
------------------------------------  -------  -------  ---------  ---------- 
 

The adjusted results for the six months to 30 September 2019 have been adjusted to exclude exceptional items, amortisation of acquired intangible assets and the tax on those adjustments. A reconciliation of statutory and adjusted information is included in Note 2 to the Financial Information. Growth percentages are calculated on unrounded numbers.

   --   Food & Beverage Solutions adjusted operating profit of GBP90m: 

- Sales 4% higher(1) reflecting good price and mix management and the pass through of higher net corn costs.

- New Products sales increased(1) 12% to GBP55m, representing 11% of Food & Beverage Solutions sales.

   -   Profit 11% higher(1) reflecting cost discipline. 
   --   Sucralose adjusted operating profit of GBP29m, broadly in-line in constant currency: 
   -   Production efficiencies and customer mix largely offset lower volume. 
   --   Primary Products adjusted operating profit of GBP86m: 

- Sweeteners and Starches profit 5% lower(1) with good performance from manufacturing and supply chain and cost discipline partly offsetting weaker volume from challenging market conditions.

o Sweetener volume in line with the comparative period.

o Industrial Starch volume 12% lower reflecting the closure of paper capacity at a customer's facility and weaker paper and packaging demand.

   -   Commodities profit of GBP6m, in line with the comparative period in constant currency. 
   --   Central costs at GBP22m, 8% lower(1) . 

-- Net finance costs of GBP15m, 12% higher(1) reflecting increased lease interest following IFRS 16 adoption.

-- Net exceptional costs of GBP11m with net exceptional cash outflow of GBP12m. Exceptional items relate to actions to simplify the business and the portfolio.

   -   GBP5m restructuring charge as part of the simplification programme. 
   -   GBP6m closure costs of Primary Products' small, non-core savoury ingredients business. 

-- Adjusted effective tax rate of 20.9% (2018 - 21.5%), lower than expected due to the pension buy-in transaction. Adjusted effective tax rate for the 2020 financial year expected to be in the 20% to 22% range.

-- Group statutory profit before tax of GBP164m, GBP51m higher mainly due to lower exceptional costs.

-- Adjusted free cash flow(2) increased to GBP171m. Cash generation from operations was strong, while capital expenditure in the half was GBP11m higher at GBP73m.

-- Net debt(2) at GBP465m, was GBP128m higher than at 31 March 2019. Following the adoption of IFRS 16 lease liabilities of GBP173m are now included in net debt.

   1   Change in constant currency 

2 IFRS 16 Leases was adopted in the year without restating comparatives. Lease payments are now classified as financing rather than operating cash flows increasing adjusted free cash flow by GBP17 million. IFRS 16 lease liabilities increased net debt by GBP173 million at 30 September 2019.

Cautionary statement

This Statement of Half Year Results contains certain forward-looking statements with respect to the financial condition, results, operations and businesses of Tate & Lyle PLC. These statements and forecasts involve risk and uncertainty because they relate to events and depend upon circumstances that will occur in the future. There are a number of factors that could cause actual results or developments to differ materially from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements and forecasts.

A copy of this Statement of Half Year Results for the six months to 30 September 2019 can be found on our website at www.tateandlyle.com. A hard copy of this statement is also available from the Company Secretary, Tate & Lyle PLC, 1 Kingsway, London WC2B 6AT.

Webcast and Conference Call Details

A presentation of the results by Chief Executive, Nick Hampton, and Chief Financial Officer, Imran Nawaz, will be audio webcast live at 10.00 (GMT) on Thursday 7 November 2019. To view and/or listen to a live audio-cast of the presentation, visit https://brrmedia.news/62fmj. Please note that remote listeners will not be able to ask questions during the Q&A session.

A webcast replay of the presentation will be available within two hours of the end of the live broadcast on the link above.

For those unable to view the webcast, there will also be a teleconference facility for the presentation. Details are given below:

Dial in details:

UK dial in number: +44 (0)330 336 9411

US dial in number: +1 323 794 2588

Password: 8690611

There will be no replay facility for the teleconference. Please use the link above to view the webcast replay.

For more information contact Tate & Lyle PLC:

Christopher Marsh, VP Investor Relations

Tel: +44 (0) 20 7257 2110 or Mobile: +44 (0) 7796 192 688

Andrew Lorenz, FTI Consulting (Media)

Tel: +44 (0) 20 3727 1323 or Mobile: +44 (0) 7775 641 807

Overview

We have made an encouraging start to the year with good commercial and operational execution together with strong cost discipline and gains from productivity initiatives delivering solid financial results. The three priorities we announced in May 2018 to sharpen the focus on our customers, accelerate portfolio development and simplify the business are driving momentum across the organisation and supporting performance. Cash generation remains good, our balance sheet is robust, and we continue to invest for long-term growth. Overall, although we continue to face external cost pressures and an evolving and uncertain geopolitical landscape, the business is in a strong financial position and delivering clear strategic progress.

Purpose-driven organisation

Tate & Lyle's purpose is Improving Lives for Generations. Our people believe passionately that, through our purpose, we can successfully grow our business and have a positive impact on society. We live our purpose through three main pillars. Firstly, supporting healthy living by using our ingredients and expertise to help people make healthier and tastier choices when they eat and drink, and lead a more balanced lifestyle. Secondly, to help build thriving communities where we operate. Thirdly, to care for the planet we live on and help protect it for the benefit of future generations.

In September, we announced an important multi-year partnership with Land O' Lakes SUSTAIN(TM) , a US conservation solutions provider, to support sustainable agriculture practices on 1.5 million acres of US-grown corn. This is equivalent to every single acre of corn we buy globally each year. Under the programme, participating farmers in the Midwest receive customised support to help measure and improve greenhouse gas emissions, nitrogen efficiency, water usage, wind erosion and soil quality. We are the first corn wet-milling ingredient supplier to launch a sustainable agriculture programme of this kind.

We are also working to increase energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions in our business. During the half, the Board approved the construction of a new natural-gas fired combined heat and power system at our Lafayette South corn wet-mill in Indiana. This investment, which is subject to local regulatory approval, is due to be completed in the second half of the 2021 calendar year and will deliver significant improvements in energy and operational efficiency, and substantially reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Focus on three priorities to 'Sharpen, Accelerate, Simplify' supporting performance

Sharpen the focus on our customers

-- We continue to build stronger relationships at all levels of our customers' organisations. In the first half,

in addition to increased 'top-to-top' interactions with customers, the number of calls or face-to-face meetings held each month with customers to discuss growth opportunities increased by 20%. This helped increase the value of our customer project pipeline by 6% in the same period and drive top-line growth.

-- We are increasingly seeking new ways to collaborate with customers. During the half, we held our first two-day Fibre Symposium for around 50 customers at our Innovation Centre in Chicago, as well as a two-day sugar-reduction event in Shanghai with more than 80 customers. We also launched our Healthink workshops across Asia Pacific in Singapore, Malaysia and Vietnam. Healthink brings together customers, academia, trade associations, NGOs and our technical experts to look at ways to drive thinking on healthier food and drink, and how our ingredients and solutions can be used to tackle increasing levels of obesity, diabetes and digestive health concerns.

-- In October, we opened our new offices and expanded labs in Sao Paulo, Brazil, and a further expansion of our existing application labs in Singapore. Both will allow us to collaborate more closely with customers and to help them develop new products, and reformulate existing products, to meet increasing consumer demand for healthier, tastier food and beverages.

Accelerate portfolio development

-- New Product sales were 12% higher than the comparative period. This growth was driven largely by our clean-label starches and fibre products.

-- We continue to improve the balance of our innovation portfolio with an increasing emphasis on developing line extensions (i.e. new variants of existing product lines) as these tend to have faster financial returns. For example, in the first half we launched three new non-GMO starch products from our CLARIA(R) line of clean label starches which add shelf-stability with a clean taste, white colour, and neutral flavour to frozen soups, sauces, and bakery fillings.

-- We continue to expand our global open innovation network. Through our partnership with TERRA, a leading Food & Agriculture Incubator, we partnered with three more start-ups on early stage developments in areas such as food safety and reclaiming value from waste streams.

Simplify our business

-- We are on track to deliver our four-year US$100 million productivity target. This programme commenced in the 2019 financial year to drive supply chain and selling and administration costs benefits, delivering GBP25 million in productivity benefits in its first year.

-- We approved capital investments to reduce energy costs and increase efficiency such as a new co-generation system and new boilers.

-- We delivered cost reduction and efficiency improvements in our supply chain including projects to reclaim energy, de-bottleneck production processes and improve yields through waste reduction.

-- Zero-based budgeting continues to reduce discretionary costs, particularly in areas such as travel, contractors and events.

-- We introduced new systems and processes to automate and reduce bureaucracy, including new tools for recipe management and remote working.

Strong balance sheet

Our strong balance sheet provides the means to invest in accelerating growth and during the first half we took actions to strengthen and de-risk it further. In August, we priced US$200 million of long-term debt which will be used to refinance a maturing debt facility at lower cost. In September, we supported the trustees of our main UK pension scheme in completing a GBP930 million bulk annuity insurance 'buy-in' securing an insurance policy to meet the future pensions obligations for our main UK pension scheme without incremental funding by the Group. This will create an annual cash benefit of GBP20 million from the 2021 financial year.

Executive management

To simplify our management structure, the four regional general managers in Food & Beverage Solutions now report directly to Nick Hampton, Chief Executive. In addition, on 1 September 2019, Harry Boot, President, Asia Pacific, Food & Beverage Solutions was appointed to the Group's Executive Committee.

Outlook

The outlook for the year ending 31 March 2020 remains unchanged. On 23 May 2019, the Group gave the following outlook statement for the year ending 31 March 2020:

"We expect continuing progress in Food & Beverage Solutions and gains from productivity initiatives to offset both lower Sucralose profits and continued market challenges in Primary Products. As a result, we expect earnings per share growth in constant currency to be broadly flat to low-single digit."

SEGMENTAL OPERATING PERFORMANCE

Food & Beverage Solutions

 
 
  Six months to 30 September         2019 
  Continuing operations            Volume 
                                   change 
Volume 
North America                          1% 
Asia Pacific and Latin 
 America                               3% 
Europe, Middle East and 
 Africa                              (3%) 
-------------------------------  -------- 
Total                                  -% 
-----------------------------    -------- 
 
                                                              Constant 
                                                              currency 
                                     2019    2018    Change     change 
                                     GBPm    GBPm         %          % 
Sales 
North America                         235     211       12%         6% 
Asia Pacific and Latin 
 America                              115     105       10%         8% 
Europe, Middle East and 
 Africa                               128     127        -%         -% 
-------------------------------  --------  ------  --------  --------- 
Total                                 478     443        8%         4% 
-------------------------------  --------  ------  --------  --------- 
 
  Adjusted operating profit            90      77       17%        11% 
-------------------------------  --------  ------  --------  --------- 
 

Strong profit growth

Volume was in line with the comparative period. Sales increased by 4% in constant currency to GBP478 million driven by good price and mix management and the impact of passing through higher net corn costs. Adjusted operating profit was 11% higher in constant currency driven by good sales growth, cost discipline and operating leverage. The effect of currency translation was to increase sales by GBP16 million and adjusted operating profit by GBP4 million.

North America

Top-line momentum continued with volume up 1% and sales 6% higher at GBP235 million. Sales growth was driven by good progress across a range of categories, notably beverage, bakery and dairy (especially ice cream). While the overall US food and beverage market remains largely flat, we continue to see strong customer demand in our key categories, particularly to deliver sugar and calorie reduction.

Asia Pacific and Latin America

Volume increased by 3%. Sales increased by 8% in constant currency to GBP115 million with single-digit growth in Asia Pacific and double-digit growth in Latin America. In Asia Pacific, we saw good sales growth in China in dairy and in South East Asia in soups, sauces and dressings. In Latin America, sales growth was strong in Mexico and in dairy in the Southern Cone. In Brazil, macroeconomic conditions improved and new front-of-pack labelling rules led to reformulation opportunities with customers.

Europe, Middle East and Africa

Volume decreased by 3%, while sales at GBP128 million were in line with the comparative period as we continued to exit lower margin texturant business to improve mix. The expansion of our facility in Slovakia to double capacity of high-grade maltodextrin (used in categories such as baby food) opened in October 2019.

New Products

Sales of New Products (products launched in the last seven years) increased by 12% in constant currency (16% reported currency) to GBP55 million. New Products represent 11% of Food & Beverage Solutions sales. Sales of PROMITOR(R) Soluble Fibre increased strongly reflecting its use as a fibre enrichment solution and for sugar and calorie reduction particularly in beverage, dairy, confectionery and bakery. We also saw good growth in Non-GMO texturants and clean label starches from our CLARIA(R) line of functional starches.

Sucralose

 
                                                            Constant 
                                                            currency 
  Six months to 30 September       2019    2018    Change     change 
  Continuing operations            GBPm    GBPm         %          % 
Volume                                               (6%) 
Sales                                76      77      (1%)       (5%) 
Adjusted operating profit            29      27        5%       (1%) 
-------------------------------  ------  ------  --------  --------- 
 

Solid results

Sucralose volume decreased by 6% and sales at GBP76 million decreased by 5% in constant currency principally due to phasing. Adjusted operating profit at GBP29 million was 1% lower in constant currency reflecting good customer mix and cost management. The effect of currency translation was to increase sales by GBP3 million and adjusted operating profit by GBP2 million.

Primary Products

 
 
  Six months to 30 September         2019 
  Continuing operations            Volume 
                                   change 
Volume 
North American Sweeteners              -% 
North American Industrial 
 Starches                           (12%) 
 
Total Primary Products               (2%) 
===============================  ======== 
 
                                                              Constant 
                                                              currency 
                                     2019    2018    Change     change 
                                     GBPm    GBPm         %          % 
Sales 
 Total Primary Products               922     863        7%         1% 
 
Adjusted operating profit 
Sweeteners and Starches                80      80        1%       (5%) 
Commodities                             6       5        5%         -% 
-------------------------------  --------  ------  --------  --------- 
 
  Total Primary Products               86      85        1%       (5%) 
-------------------------------  --------  ------  --------  --------- 
 

Profit lower in constant currency in challenging market conditions

Volume was 2% lower with sweeteners in line but weaker demand for industrial starch. Sales at GBP922 million were up 1% in constant currency reflecting the pass through of higher net corn costs. Adjusted operating profit at

GBP86 million was 5% lower in constant currency.

Adjusted operating profit in Sweeteners and Starches was 5% lower in constant currency with good performance from manufacturing and supply chain and strong cost discipline offsetting cost inflation and weaker volume from challenging market conditions. There was a GBP4 million insurance recovery in the comparative period. Commodities profit at GBP6 million was in line in constant currency.

To simplify our business and focus capital investment on key priorities, we have decided to close our small, non-core, savoury ingredients business and not invest the significant capital required to sustain this business, with production due to cease at the end of the 2019 calendar year.

The effect of currency translation was to increase sales by GBP46 million and adjusted operating profit by GBP5 million.

Sweeteners

Volume was in line with the comparative period due to strong customer service and operational performance, despite soft demand for bulk sweeteners in the US. Demand for carbonated soft drinks in the US continued to be soft, partly reflecting higher pricing and lower promotional intensity within that category.

Industrial Starches

Volume was 12% lower due to the closure of paper capacity at a customer's facility combined with weaker demand for paper and for packaging as e-commerce operators drove packaging optimisation initiatives. US domestic demand was also impacted by increased imports of paper.

Commodities

Commodities delivered profit of GBP6 million, in line in constant currency. Co-product recoveries were in line with the comparative period. Ethanol cash margins declined while income from our network of corn elevators increased slightly.

Summary of financial results for the period to 30 September 2019 (unaudited)

 
                                                                          Constant 
                                                                          currency 
 Six months to 30 September(1)                   2019    2018   Change      change 
  Continuing and total operations                GBPm    GBPm        %           % 
---------------------------------------------  ------  ------  -------  ---------- 
 Sales                                          1 476   1 383       7%          2% 
 Adjusted operating profit 
  - Food & Beverage Solutions                      90      77      17%         11% 
  - Sucralose                                      29      27       5%        (1%) 
  - Primary Products                               86      85       1%        (5%) 
  - Central                                      (22)    (23)       7%          8% 
---------------------------------------------  ------  ------  -------  ---------- 
 Adjusted operating profit                        183     166      10%          4% 
 Net finance expense                             (15)    (13) 
 Share of profit after tax of joint ventures       13      13 
---------------------------------------------  ------  ------  -------  ---------- 
 Adjusted profit before tax                       181     166       9%          3% 
 Exceptional items                               (11)    (47) 
 Amortisation of acquired intangible assets       (6)     (6) 
 Profit before tax                                164     113      45%         36% 
 Income tax expense                              (33)    (32) 
---------------------------------------------  ------  ------  -------  ---------- 
 Profit for the period                            131      81 
 
 Earnings per share (pence) 
 Basic                                          28.2p   17.6p      60%         51% 
 Diluted                                        27.8p   17.4p      60%         51% 
 
 Adjusted earnings per share (pence) 
 Basic                                          30.8p   28.2p       9%          3% 
 Diluted                                        30.5p   27.9p       9%          3% 
 
 Cash flow and net debt(2) 
 Adjusted free cash flow                          171     152 
 Net debt - At 30 September (comparative 
  at 31 March 2019)                               465     337 
---------------------------------------------  ------  ------  -------  ---------- 
 

1 Adjusted results and a number of other terms and performance measures used in this document are not directly defined within accounting standards. We have provided descriptions of the various metrics and their reconciliation to the most directly comparable measures reported in accordance with IFRS and the calculation (where relevant) of any ratios in Note 2.

2 IFRS 16 Leases was adopted in the year without restating comparatives. Lease payments are now classified as financing rather than operating cashflows increasing adjusted free cash flow by GBP17 million. IFRS 16 lease liabilities increased net debt by GBP173 million at 30 September 2019.

Sales from continuing operations of GBP1,476 million were 7% higher than the prior period (2% higher in constant currency).

Adjusted profit before tax of GBP181 million was 9% higher than the prior period (3% in constant currency). Adjusted diluted earnings per share increased by 2.6p to 30.5p (3% in constant currency).

On a statutory basis, profit before tax increased by GBP51 million to GBP164 million driven by an improved operating performance and lower exceptional charges of GBP11 million (2018 - GBP47 million). As a result, statutory diluted earnings per share increased by 10.4p to 27.8p.

Central costs

Central costs, which include head office costs and certain treasury and legal activities, were 7% lower (8% in constant currency) at GBP22 million, reflecting continued strong cost discipline.

Net finance expense

Net finance expense from continuing operations was GBP2 million higher than the prior period at GBP15 million, driven predominantly by the adoption of the new leasing standard, IFRS 16, which increased finance expense by GBP3 million. This has been partially offset by higher finance income on cash deposits.

On 1 August 2019 the Group priced a US$200 million debt private placement which will be issued on 19 November 2019 at which point US$100 million 3.31% notes due 2029 and US$100 million 3.41% notes due 2031 will be drawn down. The proceeds will be used to refinance a maturing GBP200 million 6.75% bond.

Share of profit after tax of joint ventures

The Group's share of profit after tax of joint ventures of GBP13 million was in line with the prior period (2% lower in constant currency).

Exceptional items

In the six months to 30 September 2019, the Group recorded a net exceptional charge of GBP11 million, and a net exceptional cash outflow of GBP12 million. Exceptional items comprised the following:

-- GBP5 million restructuring charge as part of the previously announced simplification programme, of which

GBP3 million is an exceptional cash item.

-- GBP6 million charge relating to the decision to exit the Primary Products' small, non-core savoury ingredients business of which GBP1 million is an exceptional cash item.

-- Total cash flows from exceptional items were GBP12 million, including GBP10 million relating to charges recorded in the year to 31 March 2019.

During the six months to 30 September 2018, the Group recorded a net exceptional charge of GBP47 million which mainly comprised a GBP40 million non-cash impairment charge.

Taxation

The adjusted effective tax rate on earnings for the six months to 30 September 2019 was 20.9% (2018 - 21.5%), the lower rate primarily reflecting the pension buy-in transaction which enabled the utilisation of some previously unrecognised tax losses in the period. We now expect the adjusted effective tax rate for the year ending

31 March 2020 to be in the range of 20% to 22%.

The reported effective tax rate (on statutory earnings) was 20.4% (2018 - 28.2%), the higher comparative period rate reflecting higher non-tax deductible exceptional costs.

Earnings per share

Adjusted basic earnings per share increased by 9% (3% in constant currency) to 30.8p and adjusted diluted earnings per share at 30.5p were also 9% higher (3% in constant currency). Statutory diluted earnings per share increased by 10.4p to 27.8p reflecting lower exceptional charges in the period.

Dividend

An increase in the interim dividend for the six months to 30 September 2019 of 0.2p to 8.8p has been approved by the Board. This will be paid on 3 January 2020 to all shareholders on the Register of Members on 22 November 2019. In addition to the cash dividend option, shareholders will continue to be offered a Dividend Reinvestment Plan alternative.

Cash flow and net debt

 
                                                                   Six months to 30 September(1) 
                                                        ---------------------------------------- 
                                                                    2019                    2018 
                                                                    GBPm                    GBPm 
------------------------------------------------------  ----------------  ---------------------- 
 Adjusted operating profit from continuing operations                183                     166 
 Adjusted for: 
 Depreciation and adjusted amortisation                               91                      69 
 Working capital and other non-cash items in 
  adjusted operating profit                                           21                      24 
 Net interest and tax paid                                          (35)                    (31) 
 Net retirement benefit obligations                                 (16)                    (14) 
 Capital expenditure                                                (73)                    (62) 
 Adjusted free cash flow(2)                                          171                     152 
------------------------------------------------------  ----------------  ---------------------- 
 
                                                         At 30 September             At 31 March 
                                                        ----------------  ---------------------- 
                                                                    2019                    2019 
                                                                    GBPm                    GBPm 
------------------------------------------------------  ----------------  ---------------------- 
 Net debt(2)                                                         465                     337 
------------------------------------------------------  ----------------  ---------------------- 
 

1 Adjusted results and a number of other terms and performance measures used in this document are not directly defined within accounting standards. We have provided descriptions of the various metrics and their reconciliation to the most directly comparable measures reported in accordance with IFRS, and the calculation where relevant of any ratios, in Note 2.

2 IFRS 16 Leases was adopted in the year without restating comparatives. Lease payments are now classified as financing rather than operating cash flows increasing adjusted free cash flow by GBP17 million. IFRS 16 lease liabilities increased net debt by GBP173 million at 30 September 2019.

Adjusted free cash flow (representing cash generated from continuing operations after net interest paid, income tax paid, and capital expenditure, and excluding the impact of exceptional items) was GBP171 million, GBP19 million higher than the prior period mainly due to the adoption of IFRS 16 Leases in the period. Before the impact of IFRS 16, adjusted free cash flow was GBP2 million higher.

Capital expenditure of GBP73 million, which included an GBP11 million investment in intangible assets, was GBP11 million higher reflecting continued investment in capacity as well as safety, efficiency and maintenance investments. We continue to expect capital expenditure for the 2020 financial year to be around GBP140 million to GBP160 million.

Other significant cash flows in arriving at net debt included: GBP27 million of dividends received from joint ventures, external dividend payment of GBP97 million, and a GBP8 million payment for share option commitments.

Overall net debt at 30 September 2019 of GBP465 million was GBP128 million higher than at 31 March 2019. The adoption of IFRS 16 increased net debt by GBP173 million at 30 September 2019. Strong cash generation decreased net debt by GBP61 million in the period (2018 - decrease of GBP80 million) before the adverse impact of exchange rates. Foreign currency translation, mainly due to the stronger US dollar, increased net debt by GBP23 million.

Retirement benefits

The Group maintains pension plans for its employees and former employees in a number of countries. Certain of these arrangements are defined benefit pension schemes. All funded schemes in the UK and US are closed for further accrual. In the US, the Group also provides an unfunded post-retirement medical benefit scheme.

On 18 September, the Group further de-risked its retirement benefit obligations by supporting the trustees of the main UK defined benefit pension scheme in completing a GBP930 million bulk annuity insurance policy 'buy-in' for that scheme. The 'buy-in' secured an insurance asset that fully matches the remaining pension liabilities of the scheme, with the result that the Company no longer bears any investment, longevity, interest rate or inflation risk.

The scheme assets and liabilities were close to balance on a funding basis, and the opportunity therefore arose for a 'buy-in' transaction requiring no incremental funding by the Group. As the scheme was in surplus on an accounting basis, in accordance with the relevant accounting standards the impact of this transaction was to derecognise GBP195 million of pension scheme accounting surplus by charging the same amount to other comprehensive income. There was no impact on profit before tax.

The other significant movement in retirement benefit obligations in the period relates to actuarial losses of GBP155 million, which arose because of a reduction in the discount rates applied to pension liabilities in the US and UK. The corresponding gain on plan assets in the period was GBP114 million. Neither items impacted profit before tax.

At 30 September 2019, the Group's retirement benefit obligations are now in a net deficit of GBP207 million (31 March 2019 - surplus of GBP24 million), with the movement principally reflecting the charges to other comprehensive income set out above. The closing total net deficit substantially comprises the unfunded schemes in the US.

As a result of the 'buy-in' cash contributions into the main UK scheme will cease, saving approximately GBP20 million of cash annually from the 2021 financial year.

Further information about retirement benefit obligations is included in Note 8 to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Basis of preparation

The Group's principal accounting policies are unchanged compared with the year ended 31 March 2019.

With effect from 1 April 2019 the Group has adopted IFRS 16 Leases which has had a material impact on Group net debt and adjusted free cash flow and IFRIC 23 Uncertainty over Income Tax Treatments which has not had a material impact. As permitted by IFRS 16 comparatives have not been restated. Further information can be found in Note 11.

Details of the basis of preparation, including information in respect of the Group's adjusted performance metrics, can be found in Note 1 to the attached financial information. Growth percentages are calculated on unrounded numbers.

Going Concern

After making enquiries, the Directors are satisfied that the Group has adequate resources to continue to operate for a period of not less than 12 months from the date of approval of the financial information and that there are no material uncertainties around their assessment. For these reasons, the Directors continue to adopt the going concern basis in preparing the condensed consolidated financial information of the Group.

Risks and uncertainties

The principal risks and uncertainties affecting the business activities of the Group are detailed on pages 61 to 65 of the Tate & Lyle Annual Report 2019, a copy of which is available on the Company's website at www.tateandlyle.com. In our view these principal risks remain unchanged from those disclosed therein and actions continue to be taken to substantially mitigate the impact of such risks, should they materialise.

The Board reviewed the impact of Brexit and the contingency plan we have in place in the event the UK leaves the EU without a deal; and concluded that Brexit is not a material risk for us.

Impact of changes in exchange rates

The Group's reported financial performance at average rates of exchange for the six months to 30 September 2019 was favourably impacted by currency translation. The average and closing US dollar and Euro exchange rates used to translate reported results were as follows:

 
                                  Average rates     Closing rates 
                              -----------------  ---------------- 
 Six months to 30 September       2019     2018     2019     2018 
----------------------------  --------  -------  -------  ------- 
 US dollar : sterling             1.26     1.33     1.23     1.30 
 Euro : sterling                  1.13     1.13     1.13     1.12 
----------------------------  --------  -------  -------  ------- 
 

For the period to 30 September 2019, net foreign exchange translation increased Food & Beverage Solutions adjusted operating profit by GBP4 million, increased Sucralose adjusted operating profit by GBP2 million and increased Primary Products adjusted operating profit by GBP5 million, with adjusted profit before tax for the Group increasing in total by GBP10 million.

CONDENSED (INTERIM) CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENT (UNAUDITED)

 
                                                              Six months              Six months                 Year to 
                                                                      to                      to                31 March 
                                                            30 September            30 September                    2019 
                                                  Notes             2019                    2018                    GBPm 
 Continuing operations                                              GBPm                    GBPm 
-----------------------------------------  ----  -------  --------------  ------  --------------  --------  ------------ 
 Sales                                                 2           1 476                   1 383                   2 755 
-----------------------------------------------  -------  --------------  ------  --------------  --------  ------------ 
 Operating profit                                      2             166                     113                     236 
 Finance income                                                        4                       2                       5 
 Finance expense                                                    (19)                    (15)                    (31) 
 Share of profit after tax of 
  joint ventures                                                      13                      13                      30 
 Profit before tax                                                   164                     113                     240 
 Income tax expense                                    2            (33)                    (32)                    (59) 
-----------------------------------------------  -------  --------------  ------  --------------  --------  ------------ 
 Profit for the period                                               131                      81                     181 
-----------------------------------------------  -------  --------------  ------  --------------  --------  ------------ 
 
                                                        Profit for the period all relates to continuing operations and 
                                                                    is entirely attributable to owners of the Company. 
 Earnings per share                                                Pence                   Pence                 Pence 
------------------------------------------  ---  -------  --------------      ------------------      ---------------- 
 - basic                                               2           28.2p                   17.6p                 39.2p 
 - diluted                                             2           27.8p                   17.4p                 38.6p 
------------------------------------------  ---  -------  --------------      ------------------      ---------------- 
 
 
 Analysis of adjusted profit                                        GBPm                    GBPm                  GBPm 
  for the period 
------------------------------------------  ---  -------  --------------      ------------------      ---------------- 
 Profit before tax                                                   164                     113                   240 
 Adjusted for: 
 Net charge for exceptional 
  items                                                4              11                      47                    58 
 Amortisation of acquired intangible 
  assets                                                               6                       6                    11 
 Adjusted profit before tax                            2             181                     166                   309 
 Adjusted income tax expense                           2            (38)                    (36)                  (65) 
------------------------------------------  ---  -------  --------------      ------------------      ---------------- 
 Adjusted profit for the period                        2             143                     130                   244 
------------------------------------------  ---  -------  --------------      ------------------      ---------------- 
 
 

CONDENSED (INTERIM) CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED)

 
                                                                     Six months      Six months 
                                                                             to              to     Year to 
                                                                   30 September    30 September    31 March 
                                                                           2019            2018       2019 
                                                           Note            GBPm            GBPm        GBPm 
--------------------------------------------------------  -----  --------------  --------------  ---------- 
 Profit for the period                                                      131              81         181 
 
 Other comprehensive income/(expense): 
 
 Items that have been/may be reclassified 
  to profit or loss: 
 Gain on currency translation of 
  foreign operations                                                         75              82          75 
 Fair value loss on net investment 
  hedges                                                                   (18)            (25)        (24) 
 Net loss on cash flow hedges                                               (9)               -           - 
 Share of other comprehensive income 
  of joint ventures                                                           4               4           4 
 Tax effect of the above items                                                -               -           - 
--------------------------------------------------------  -----  --------------  --------------  ---------- 
                                                                             52              61          55 
--------------------------------------------------------  -----  --------------  --------------  ---------- 
 
 Items that will not be reclassified 
  to profit or loss: 
 Re-measurement of retirement benefit 
  plans: 
 
   *    return on plan assets                                 8             114            (50)          29 
 
   *    impact of 'buy-in' on main UK pension scheme          8           (195)               -           - 
 
   *    net actuarial (loss)/gain on retirement benefit 
        obligations                                           8           (155)              48        (34) 
 Change in the fair value of FVOCI 
  investments                                                                 1               1           2 
 Tax effect of the above items                                               45             (3)          10 
--------------------------------------------------------  -----  --------------  --------------  ---------- 
                                                                          (190)             (4)           7 
 Total other comprehensive (expense)/income                               (138)              57          62 
--------------------------------------------------------  -----  --------------  --------------  ---------- 
 Total comprehensive (expense)/income                                       (7)             138         243 
--------------------------------------------------------  -----  --------------  --------------  ---------- 
 
 

Total comprehensive income all relates to continuing operations and is entirely attributable to owners of the Company.

CONDENSED (INTERIM) CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION (UNAUDITED)

 
 
                                                           At              At          At 
                                                 30 September    30 September    31 March 
                                                         2019            2018        2019 
                                        Notes            GBPm            GBPm        GBPm 
----------------------------------   --------  --------------  --------------  ---------- 
 ASSETS 
 Non-current assets 
 Goodwill and other intangible 
  assets                                                  348             354         342 
 Property, plant and equipment                          1 189             989         982 
 Investments in joint ventures                             95              85         102 
 Investments in equities                    7              64              45          59 
 Retirement benefit surplus                 8              10             187         207 
 Deferred tax assets                                       24               6           3 
 Trade and other receivables                                1               -           2 
 Derivative financial instruments           7               -               5           - 
                                                        1 731           1 671       1 697 
 ----------------------------------  --------  --------------  --------------  ---------- 
 Current assets 
 Inventories                                              413             417         434 
 Trade and other receivables                              315             346         325 
 Current tax assets                                         5               3           4 
 Derivative financial instruments           7              36              38          48 
 Cash and cash equivalents                  6             361             284         285 
                                                        1 130           1 088       1 096 
 ----------------------------------  --------  --------------  --------------  ---------- 
 TOTAL ASSETS                                           2 861           2 759       2 793 
-----------------------------------  --------  --------------  --------------  ---------- 
 
 EQUITY 
 Capital and reserves 
 Share capital                                            117             117         117 
 Share premium                                            406             406         406 
 Capital redemption reserve                                 8               8           8 
 Other reserves                                           272             221         217 
 Retained earnings                                        575             660         741 
-----------------------------------  --------  --------------  --------------  ---------- 
 TOTAL EQUITY                                           1 378           1 412       1 489 
 
 LIABILITIES 
 Non-current liabilities 
 Borrowings                                 6             538             577         373 
 Retirement benefit deficit                 8             217             169         183 
 Deferred tax liabilities                                  35              46          46 
 Provisions                                                14              24          20 
 Trade and other payables                                   -               9           - 
 Derivative financial instruments           7               2              33           1 
                                                          806             858         623 
 ----------------------------------  --------  --------------  --------------  ---------- 
 Current liabilities 
 Borrowings                                 6             256              24         224 
 Trade and other payables                                 305             354         342 
 Provisions                                                22              17          24 
 Current tax liabilities                                   42              74          45 
 Derivative financial instruments           7              52              20          46 
                                                          677             489         681 
 ----------------------------------  --------  --------------  --------------  ---------- 
 Total liabilities                                      1 483           1 347       1 304 
-----------------------------------  --------  --------------  --------------  ---------- 
 TOTAL EQUITY AND LIABILITIES                           2 861           2 759       2 793 
-----------------------------------  --------  --------------  --------------  ---------- 
 

CONDENSED (INTERIM) CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)

 
 
                                                              Six months         Six months        Year 
                                                         to 30 September    to 30 September          to 
                                                                    2019               2018    31 March 
                                                                    GBPm               GBPm        2019 
                                                Notes                                              GBPm 
 Cash flows from operating activities 
 Profit before tax from continuing 
  operations                                                         164                113         240 
 Adjustments for: 
   Depreciation of property, plant 
    and equipment; and leases                                         79                 55         112 
   Amortisation of intangible assets                                  18                 20          40 
   Share-based payments                                                7                  8          18 
   Exceptional income statement items            4                     -                 46          51 
   Net finance expense                                                15                 13          26 
  Share of profit after tax of joint ventures                       (13)               (13)        (30) 
  Net retirement benefit obligations                                (16)               (14)        (25) 
 Changes in working capital and other 
  non-cash movements                                                  14                 16        (16) 
 Cash generated from continuing operations                           268                244         416 
 Net income tax paid                                                (25)               (22)        (58) 
 Interest paid                                                      (13)               (11)        (28) 
-------------------------------------------  --------  -----------------  -----------------  ---------- 
 Net cash generated from operating 
  activities                                                         230                211         330 
-------------------------------------------  --------  -----------------  -----------------  ---------- 
 
 Cash flows from investing activities 
 Purchase of property, plant and 
  equipment                                                         (62)               (46)       (103) 
 Disposal of property, plant and 
  equipment (exceptional)                        4                   (1)                  -           3 
 Investments in intangible assets                                   (11)               (16)        (27) 
 Purchase of equity investments                                      (3)                (6)        (20) 
 Disposal of equity investments                                        2                  2           3 
 Interest received                                                     3                  2           5 
 Dividends received from joint ventures                               27                 21          21 
 Sale and leaseback of rail cars 
  (exceptional)                                  4                     -                 13          16 
 Other investing cash flows                                            -                  -         (9) 
-------------------------------------------  --------  -----------------  -----------------  ---------- 
 Net cash used in investing activities                              (45)               (30)       (111) 
-------------------------------------------  --------  -----------------  -----------------  ---------- 
 
 Cash flows from financing activities 
 Purchase of own shares including 
  net settlement                                                     (8)                (7)         (8) 
 Cash inflow from additional borrowings                                1                  1           5 
 Cash outflow from repayment of borrowings                           (2)                  -         (1) 
 Repayment of leases                                                (18)                (1)         (2) 
 Dividends paid to the owners of 
  the Company                                    5                  (97)               (94)       (134) 
 Net cash used in financing activities                             (124)              (101)       (140) 
-------------------------------------------  --------  -----------------  -----------------  ---------- 
 
 Net increase in cash and cash equivalents       6                    61                 80          79 
-------------------------------------------  --------  -----------------  -----------------  ---------- 
 
 Cash and cash equivalents 
 Balance at beginning of period                                      285                190         190 
 Net increase in cash and cash equivalents                            61                 80          79 
 Currency translation differences                                     15                 14          16 
-------------------------------------------  --------  -----------------  -----------------  ---------- 
 Balance at end of period                        6                   361                284         285 
-------------------------------------------  --------  -----------------  -----------------  ---------- 
 

A reconciliation of the movement in cash and cash equivalents to the movement in net debt is presented in Note 6.

CONDENSED (INTERIM) CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (UNAUDITED)

 
 
 
                                               Share 
                                             capital        Capital 
                                           and share     redemption        Other     Retained      Total 
                                             premium        reserve     reserves     earnings     equity 
                                                GBPm           GBPm         GBPm         GBPm       GBPm 
--------------------------------------  ------------  -------------  -----------  -----------  --------- 
 At 1 April 2019                                 523              8          217          741      1 489 
--------------------------------------  ------------  -------------  -----------  -----------  --------- 
 IFRS 16 lease adoption                            -              -            -          (8)        (8) 
--------------------------------------  ------------  -------------  -----------  -----------  --------- 
 1 April 2019 restated                           523              8          217          733      1 481 
--------------------------------------  ------------  -------------  -----------  -----------  --------- 
 Profit for the period                             -              -            -          131        131 
 Other comprehensive income/(expense)              -              -           53        (191)      (138) 
--------------------------------------  ------------  -------------  -----------  -----------  --------- 
 Total comprehensive income/(expense)              -              -           53         (60)        (7) 
 Hedging losses transferred to 
  inventory                                        -              -            2            -          2 
 Transactions with owners: 
   Share-based payments, net of tax                -              -            -            7          7 
   Purchase of own shares including 
    net settlement                                 -              -            -          (8)        (8) 
   Dividends paid (Note 5)                         -              -            -         (97)       (97) 
--------------------------------------  ------------  -------------  -----------  -----------  --------- 
 At 30 September 2019                            523              8          272          575      1 378 
--------------------------------------  ------------  -------------  -----------  -----------  --------- 
 
 At 1 April 2018                                 523              8          159          677      1 367 
--------------------------------------  ------------  -------------  -----------  -----------  --------- 
 Profit for the period                             -              -            -           81         81 
 Other comprehensive income/(expense)              -              -           62          (5)         57 
--------------------------------------  ------------  -------------  -----------  -----------  --------- 
 Total comprehensive income                        -              -           62           76        138 
 Hedging losses transferred to 
  inventory                                        -              -            -            -          - 
 Transactions with owners: 
   Share-based payments, net of tax                -              -            -            8          8 
   Purchase of own shares including 
    net settlement                                 -              -            -          (7)        (7) 
   Dividends paid                                  -              -            -         (94)       (94) 
--------------------------------------  ------------  -------------  -----------  -----------  --------- 
 At 30 September 2018                            523              8          221          660      1 412 
--------------------------------------  ------------  -------------  -----------  -----------  --------- 
 
 At 1 April 2018                                 523              8          159          677      1 367 
--------------------------------------  ------------  -------------  -----------  -----------  --------- 
 Profit for the year                               -              -            -          181        181 
 Other comprehensive income                        -              -           57            5         62 
--------------------------------------  ------------  -------------  -----------  -----------  --------- 
 Total comprehensive income                        -              -           57          186        243 
 Hedging losses transferred to 
  inventory                                        -              -            1            -          1 
 Transactions with owners: 
   Share-based payments, net of tax                -              -            -           20         20 
   Purchase of own shares including 
    net settlement                                 -              -            -          (8)        (8) 
   Dividends paid                                  -              -            -        (134)      (134) 
--------------------------------------  ------------  -------------  -----------  -----------  --------- 
 At 31 March 2019                                523              8          217          741      1 489 
--------------------------------------  ------------  -------------  -----------  -----------  --------- 
 

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL INFORMATION

For the six months to 30 September 2019

1. Presentation of half year financial information

The principal activity of Tate & Lyle PLC and its subsidiaries, together with its joint ventures, is the global provision of ingredients and solutions to the food, beverage and other industries.

The Company is a public limited company incorporated and domiciled in the United Kingdom and registered in England. The address of its registered office is 1 Kingsway, London WC2B 6AT. The Company has its primary listing on the London Stock Exchange.

Basis of preparation

This condensed set of consolidated financial information for the six months to 30 September 2019 has been prepared on a going concern basis in accordance with the Disclosure and Transparency Rules of the Financial Conduct Authority and IAS 34 Interim Financial Reporting as adopted by the European Union (EU). The condensed set of consolidated financial information should be read in conjunction with the Group's Annual Report and Accounts for the year to 31 March 2019, which were prepared in accordance with IFRSs as adopted by the EU.

Having reviewed the Group's latest projected results, cash flows, liquidity position and borrowing facilities, the Directors are satisfied that the Group has adequate resources to continue to operate for a period not less than 12 months from the date of approval of the condensed set of financial information and that there are no material uncertainties around their assessment. Accordingly, the Directors continue to adopt the going concern basis of accounting in preparing the condensed set of consolidated financial information.

The condensed set of consolidated financial information is unaudited, but has been reviewed by the external auditors. The condensed set of consolidated financial information in the Statement of Half Year Results does not constitute statutory accounts within the meaning of Section 434 of the Companies Act 2006. The Group's published Annual Report and Accounts for the year to 31 March 2019 were approved by the Board of Directors on 22 May 2019 and filed with the Registrar of Companies. The report of the auditors on those accounts was unqualified and did not contain an emphasis of matter paragraph or a statement under Section 498 (2) or (3) of the Companies Act 2006. The condensed set of consolidated financial information for the six months to 30 September 2019 on pages 13 to 28 was approved by the Board of Directors on 6 November 2019.

Changes in accounting policy and disclosures

The accounting policies adopted in the preparation of the condensed set of consolidated financial information are consistent with those of the Group's Annual Report and Accounts for the year to 31 March 2019, but also reflect the adoption, with effect from 1 April 2019, of new or revised accounting standards, as set out below. Further detail is provided in Note 11.

   -       IFRS 16 Leases (effective for the year beginning 1 April 2019) 

The standard eliminates the classification of leases as either operating or finance leases and introduces a single accounting model. On adoption on 1 April 2019 lease commitments have been recognised on the statement of financial position as liabilities of GBP167 million within borrowings and associated 'right-of-use' (ROU) assets of GBP151 million within property, plant and equipment.

- IFRIC 23 Uncertainty over Income Tax Treatments (effective for the year beginning 1 April 2019)

The interpretation clarifies the recognition principles when there is uncertainty over income tax treatments under IAS 12. The adoption of this interpretation has not had a material impact on the Group's financial statements.

There are no other new standards, new interpretations or amendments to standards or interpretations that have been published that are exp ected to have a significant impact on the Group's financial statements.

Seasonality

The Group's principal exposure to seasonality is in relation to working capital. The Group's inventories are subject to seasonal fluctuations reflecting the timing of crop harvests in North America and purchases. Inventory levels typically increase from September to November and gradually reduce in the first six months of the calendar year.

Changes in constant currency

Where changes in constant currency are presented in this statement, they are calculated by retranslating current period results at prior period exchange rates. Reconciliations of the movement in constant currency have been included in 'Additional information' within this document.

Use of alternative performance measures

The Group also presents alternative performance measures, including adjusted operating profit, adjusted profit before tax, adjusted earnings per share and adjusted free cash flow, which are used for internal performance analysis and incentive compensation arrangements for employees. They are presented because they provide investors with additional information about the performance of the business which the Directors consider to be valuable. For the periods presented, alternative performance measures exclude, where relevant:

- Exceptional items (excluded as they are material in amount; and are outside the normal course of business or relate to events which do not frequently recur, and therefore merit separate disclosure in order to provide a better understanding of the Group's underlying financial performance);

- Amortisation of acquired intangible assets (costs associated with amounts recognised through acquisition accounting that impact earnings compared to organic investments); and

- Tax on the above items and tax items that themselves meet these definitions. For tax items to be treated as exceptional, amounts must be material and their treatment as exceptional enable a better understanding of the Group's underlying financial performance.

Alternative performance measures reported by the Group are not defined terms under IFRS and may therefore not be comparable with similarly-titled measures reported by other companies. Reconciliations of the alternative performance measures to the most directly comparable IFRS measures are presented in Note 2.

Exceptional items

Exceptional items comprise items of income, expense and cash flow, including tax items that: are material in amount; and are outside the normal course of business or relate to events which do not frequently recur, and therefore merit separate disclosure in order to provide a better understanding of the Group's underlying financial performance. Examples of events that give rise to the disclosure of material items of income, expense and cash flow as exceptional items include, but are not limited to:

   --      impairment events; 
   --      significant business transformation activities; 
   --      disposals of operations or significant individual assets; 
   --      litigation claims by or against the Group; and 
   --      restructuring of components of the Group's operations. 

For tax items to be treated as exceptional, amounts must be material and their treatment as exceptional enable a better understanding of the Group's underlying financial performance.

Exceptional items in the Group's financial statements are classified on a consistent basis across accounting periods.

2. Reconciliation of alternative performance measures

Income statement measures

For the reasons set out in Note 1, the Group presents alternative performance measures including adjusted operating profit, adjusted profit before tax and adjusted earnings per share.

The following table shows the reconciliation of the key alternative performance measures to the most directly comparable measures reported in accordance with IFRS:

 
                                       Six months to 30 September                 Six months to 30 September 
                                                             2019                                       2018 
                        -----------------------------------------  ----------------------------------------- 
 GBPm unless otherwise            IFRS   Adjusting       Adjusted 
 stated                       reported       items       reported            IFRS   Adjusting       Adjusted 
 Continuing operations                                                   reported       items       reported 
----------------------  --------------  ----------  -------------  --------------  ----------  ------------- 
 Sales                           1 476           -          1 476           1 383           -          1 383 
----------------------  --------------  ----------  -------------  --------------  ----------  ------------- 
 Operating profit                  166          17            183             113          53            166 
----------------------  --------------  ----------  -------------  --------------  ----------  ------------- 
 Profit before tax                 164          17            181             113          53            166 
 Income tax expense               (33)         (5)           (38)            (32)         (4)           (36) 
----------------------  --------------  ----------  -------------  --------------  ----------  ------------- 
 Profit for the period             131          12            143              81          49            130 
----------------------  --------------  ----------  -------------  --------------  ----------  ------------- 
 Effective tax rate              20.4%                      20.9%           28.2%                      21.5% 
----------------------  --------------  ----------  -------------  --------------  ----------  ------------- 
 Earnings per share: 
  Number of ordinary 
   shares(1) 
   - basic                       464.1                      464.1           462.2                      462.2 
  Basic earnings per 
   share                         28.2p        2.6p          30.8p           17.6p       10.6p          28.2p 
  Number of ordinary 
   shares(1) 
   - diluted                     469.9                      469.9           467.6                      467.6 
  Diluted earnings per 
   share                         27.8p        2.7p          30.5p           17.4p       10.5p          27.9p 
----------------------  --------------  ----------  -------------  --------------  ----------  ------------- 
 1 Weighted average 
 
 
 
                                                               Year to 31 March 2019 
                                  -------------------------------------------------- 
 GBPm unless otherwise 
  stated                                                IFRS   Adjusting    Adjusted 
  Continuing operations                             reported       items    reported 
--------------------------------  --------------------------  ----------  ---------- 
 Sales                                                 2 755           -       2 755 
--------------------------------  --------------------------  ----------  ---------- 
 Operating profit                                        236          69         305 
--------------------------------  --------------------------  ----------  ---------- 
 Profit before tax                                       240          69         309 
 Income tax expense                                     (59)         (6)        (65) 
--------------------------------  --------------------------  ----------  ---------- 
 Profit for the year                                     181          63         244 
--------------------------------  --------------------------  ----------  ---------- 
 Effective tax rate                                    24.4%                   21.0% 
 Earnings per share: 
  Number of ordinary shares(1) 
   - basic                                             462.6                   462.6 
  Basic earnings per share                             39.2p       13.6p       52.8p 
  Number of ordinary shares(1) 
   - diluted                                           469.5                   469.5 
  Diluted earnings per 
   share                                               38.6p       13.4p       52.0p 
--------------------------------  --------------------------  ----------  ---------- 
 1 Weighted average 
 
 

The following table shows the reconciliation of the adjusting items in the current and comparative periods:

 
                                                                           Six months 
                                                           Six months              to     Year to 
                                                      to 30 September    30 September    31 March 
                                                                 2019            2018        2019 
 Continuing operations                        Note               GBPm            GBPm        GBPm 
-----------------------------------------   ------  -----------------  --------------  ---------- 
 Exceptional items included in operating 
  profit                                         4                 11              47          58 
 Amortisation of acquired intangible 
  assets                                                            6               6          11 
------------------------------------------  ------  -----------------  --------------  ---------- 
 Total excluded from adjusted profit 
  before tax                                                       17              53          69 
 Tax credit on adjusting items                                    (5)             (4)         (6) 
------------------------------------------  ------  -----------------  --------------  ---------- 
 Total excluded from adjusted profit 
  for the period                                                   12              49          63 
------------------------------------------  ------  -----------------  --------------  ---------- 
 

Cash flow measure

The Group also presents an alternative cash flow measure, 'Adjusted free cash flow' which is defined as cash generated from continuing operations after net interest and tax paid, and capital expenditure, and excluding the impact of exceptional items.

The following table shows the reconciliation of adjusted free cash flow:

 
                                                      Six months      Six months     Year to 
                                                              to              to    31 March 
                                                    30 September    30 September        2019 
                                                         2019(1)            2018        GBPm 
 Continuing operations                                      GBPm            GBPm 
 Adjusted operating profit                                   183             166         305 
 Adjusted for: 
  Depreciation and adjusted amortisation                      91              69         141 
  Share-based payments charge, net of tax                      7               8          18 
  Changes in working capital and other non-cash 
   movements                                                  14              16        (16) 
  Net retirement benefit obligations                        (16)            (14)        (25) 
  Capital expenditure                                       (73)            (62)       (130) 
  Net interest and tax paid                                 (35)            (31)        (81) 
 Adjusted free cash flow(1)                                  171             152         212 
------------------------------------------------  --------------  --------------  ---------- 
 

1 IFRS 16 Leases was adopted in the year without restating comparatives. Lease payments are now classified as financing rather than operating cashflows, increasing adjusted free cash flow by GBP17 million.

Financial strength measure

At the interim period the Group uses the net debt to EBITDA ratio to assess its financial strength. The Group no longer uses the interest cover ratio and so this has been removed. Performance is based on the previous 12 months' results. The ratio is calculated based on unrounded figures in GBP million.

 
 Calculation of net debt to EBITDA ratio               30 September   31 March 
                                                            2019(1)       2019 
                                                               GBPm       GBPm 
----------------------------------------------------  -------------  --------- 
 Net debt (Note 6)(1)                                           465        337 
----------------------------------------------------  -------------  --------- 
 
 Adjusted operating profit(2)                                   322        305 
 Add back depreciation and adjusted amortisation(2)             163        141 
 Pre-exceptional EBITDA                                         485        446 
----------------------------------------------------  -------------  --------- 
 Net debt to EBITDA ratio (times)                               1.0        0.8 
----------------------------------------------------  -------------  --------- 
 

1 IFRS 16 Leases was adopted in the year without restating comparatives. For the ratio calculated at 30 September 2019, IFRS 16 lease liabilities increased net debt by GBP173 million and EBITDA by GBP17 million. On a like-for-like basis the net debt to EBITDA ratio was 0.6 times.

2 30 September 2019 results include the impact of IFRS 16 Leases from adoption - i.e. six months only.

3. Segment information

Segment information is presented on a basis consistent with the information presented to the Board (the designated Chief Operating Decision Maker). All sales are from external customers.

 
 a) Segment results                                                                    Six months to 30 September 2019 
                                 --------------------------  ------------  ------------------------------------------- 
                                  Food & Beverage Solutions 
                                                       GBPm                        Primary 
                                                                Sucralose         Products         Central       Total 
 Continuing operations                                               GBPm             GBPm            GBPm        GBPm 
-------------------------------  --------------------------  ------------  ---------------  --------------  ---------- 
 Sales                                                  478            76              922               -       1 476 
 Adjusted operating profit(1)                            90            29               86            (22)         183 
-------------------------------  --------------------------  ------------  ---------------  --------------  ---------- 
 Adjusted operating margin                            18.8%         38.0%             9.3%             n/a       12.4% 
-------------------------------  --------------------------  ------------  ---------------  --------------  ---------- 
 1 Reconciled to statutory 
 profit for the period in Note 
 2.                                                                                    Six months to 30 September 2018 
                                 --------------------------  ------------  ------------------------------------------- 
                                  Food & Beverage Solutions 
                                                       GBPm                        Primary 
                                                                Sucralose         Products         Central       Total 
 Continuing operations                                               GBPm             GBPm            GBPm        GBPm 
-------------------------------  --------------------------  ------------  ---------------  --------------  ---------- 
 Sales                                                  443            77              863               -       1 383 
 Adjusted operating profit(1)                            77            27               85            (23)         166 
-------------------------------  --------------------------  ------------  ---------------  --------------  ---------- 
 Adjusted operating margin                            17.4%         35.1%             9.8%             n/a       12.0% 
-------------------------------  --------------------------  ------------  ---------------  --------------  ---------- 
 1 Reconciled to statutory 
 profit for the period in Note 
 2.                                                                                              Year to 31 March 2019 
                                 --------------------------  ------------  ---------------  -------------------------- 
                                  Food & Beverage Solutions 
                                                       GBPm                        Primary 
                                                                Sucralose         Products         Central       Total 
 Continuing operations                                               GBPm             GBPm            GBPm        GBPm 
-------------------------------  --------------------------  ------------  ---------------  --------------  ---------- 
 Sales                                                  889           164            1 702               -       2 755 
 Adjusted operating profit(1)                           143            61              148            (47)         305 
-------------------------------  --------------------------  ------------  ---------------  --------------  ---------- 
 Adjusted operating margin                            16.1%         37.0%             8.7%             n/a       11.1% 
-------------------------------  --------------------------  ------------  ---------------  --------------  ---------- 
 1 Reconciled to statutory 
  profit for the year in Note 
  2. 
 
 
                                        Six months to   Six months to     Year to 
                                         30 September    30 September    31 March 
                                                 2019            2018        2019 
    b) Geographic disclosure: sales              GBPm            GBPm        GBPm 
-----------------------------------    --------------  --------------  ---------- 
 Food & Beverage Solutions 
  North America                                   235             211         430 
  Asia Pacific and Latin America                  115             105         201 
  Europe, Middle East and Africa                  128             127         258 
-------------------------------------  --------------  --------------  ---------- 
 Food & Beverage Solutions - total                478             443         889 
-------------------------------------  --------------  --------------  ---------- 
 Sucralose - total                                 76              77         164 
-------------------------------------  --------------  --------------  ---------- 
 Primary Products 
  Americas                                        870             804       1 588 
  Rest of the world                                52              59         114 
-------------------------------------  --------------  --------------  ---------- 
 Primary Products - total                         922             863       1 702 
-------------------------------------  --------------  --------------  ---------- 
 Total                                          1 476           1 383       2 755 
-------------------------------------  --------------  --------------  ---------- 
 

4. Exceptional items

Exceptional items recognised in the income statement are as follows:

 
                                                            Six months      Six months     Year to 
                                                                    to              to    31 March 
                                                          30 September    30 September 
                                                                  2019            2018        2019 
 Income statement - continuing operations     Footnote            GBPm            GBPm        GBPm 
------------------------------------------  ----------  --------------  --------------  ---------- 
 Restructuring costs                               (a)             (5)             (2)        (13) 
 Primary Products' savoury business                (b) 
  exit                                                             (6)               -           - 
 Oats ingredients business disposal                                  -            (40)        (43) 
 Gain on sale and leaseback of railcars                              -              11          14 
 Asset remediation                                                   -            (16)        (16) 
------------------------------------------------------  --------------  --------------  ---------- 
 Exceptional items included in profit 
  before tax                                                      (11)            (47)        (58) 
------------------------------------------------------  --------------  --------------  ---------- 
 

In the six months to 30 September 2019, certain costs were recorded as exceptional, each of which relates to the Group's previously-announced programme to simplify the business and drive productivity. These are set out below:

a) In the six months to 30 September 2019, the Group recorded a restructuring charge of GBP5 million for employee severance and associated programme costs, of which GBP2 million was recorded in each of the Food & Beverage Solutions and Primary Products operating segments and GBP1 million within Central. GBP3 million of the total will be cash costs of which GBP2 million has been paid in the period.

b) The Group recorded exit costs of GBP6 million for its Primary Products' small, non-core savoury ingredients business, of which GBP5 million is a non-cash charge for the associated property, plant and equipment.

The most significant exceptional cost in the comparative periods related to the impairment and subsequent disposal of the Group's oats ingredients business, all of which was recorded within the Food & Beverage Solutions operating segment. Remaining exceptional costs included restructuring charges following the Group's announcement in May 2018 to deliver US$100 million of annualised cost savings relating to the previously announced programme, the recognition of a provision to remediate environmental health and safety risks associated primarily with idle assets at manufacturing sites in North America and a gain on sale and leaseback of certain tranches of railcars held under operating leases. We continue to expect the cash costs of the US$100 million productivity programme to be around US$40 million.

Total cash outflow for the six months to 30 September 2019 from exceptional items was GBP12 million, of which GBP2 million related to income statement charges recorded in the period to 30 September 2019 and GBP10 million related to income statement charges recorded in the year to 31 March 2019.

Further details in respect of cash flows from exceptional items are set out below.

 
                                                              Six months 
                                                                      to         Six months     Year to 
                                                            30 September    to 30 September    31 March 
 Net cash (outflows)/inflows on exceptional                         2019               2018        2019 
  items                                         Footnote            GBPm               GBPm        GBPm 
 Restructuring costs                                 (a)            (7)*                (1)         (6) 
 Oats ingredients business disposal                                  (1)                  -           3 
 Gain on sale and leaseback of railcars                                -                 13          16 
 Asset remediation                                                   (4)                  -         (1) 
 Net cash (outflows)/inflows - exceptional 
  items                                                             (12)                 12          12 
--------------------------------------------------------  --------------  -----------------  ---------- 
 

* Cash payments of GBP5 million were made in respect of exceptional items recognised in the income statement in the year to 31 March 2019.

The total cash flows on exceptional items are included in the statement of cash flows as follows:

 
 Reconciliation to the statement of 
  cash flows 
---------------------------------------------  -----  ----  ----  ---- 
 Exceptional charge included in profit 
  before tax                                            11    47    58 
 Cash outflows relating to restructuring 
  costs                                          (a)   (7)   (1)   (6) 
 Cash outflows relating to asset remediation           (4)     -   (1) 
----------------------------------------------------  ----  ----  ---- 
 As presented within cash flows from operating 
  activities                                             -    46    51 
----------------------------------------------------  ----  ----  ---- 
 Cash flows relating to oats ingredients 
  business disposal                                    (1)     -     3 
 Cash inflows on gain on sale and leaseback 
  of railcars                                            -    13    16 
----------------------------------------------------  ----  ----  ---- 
 As presented within cash flows from investing 
  activities                                           (1)    13    19 
----------------------------------------------------  ----  ----  ---- 
 

5. Dividends on ordinary shares

The Directors have declared an interim dividend of 8.8p per share for the six months to 30 September 2019 (six months to 30 September 2018 - 8.6p per share), payable on 3 January 2020.

The final dividend for the year to 31 March 2019 of GBP97 million, representing 20.8p per share, was paid during the six months to 30 September 2019.

6. Net debt

The components of the Group's net debt are as follows:

 
                                                 At              At          At 
                                       30 September    30 September    31 March 
                                               2019            2018        2019 
                                               GBPm            GBPm        GBPm 
-----------------------------------  --------------  --------------  ---------- 
 Borrowings(1)                                (610)           (601)       (597) 
 Debt-related derivative financial 
  instruments                                  (32)            (20)        (25) 
 Lease liabilities(1)                         (184)               -           - 
 Cash and cash equivalents                      361             284         285 
-----------------------------------  --------------  --------------  ---------- 
 Net debt                                     (465)           (337)       (337) 
-----------------------------------  --------------  --------------  ---------- 
 

1 IFRS 16 Leases was adopted in the year without restating comparatives. IFRS 16 lease liabilities increased net debt by GBP173 million to 30 September 2019. During the period, GBP11 million (31 March 2019 - GBP11 million; 30 September 2018 - GBP13 million) relating to IAS 17 finance leases has been reclassified from borrowings to lease liabilities.

Debt-related derivative financial instruments represent the net fair value of currency and interest rate swaps that are used to manage the currency and interest rate profile of the Group's net debt. At 30 September 2019, the net fair value of these derivatives comprised assets of GBP7 million (30 September 2018 - GBP12 million; 31 March 2019 - GBP6 million) and liabilities of GBP39 million (30 September 2018 - GBP32 million; 31 March 2019 - GBP31 million).

On 1 August 2019 the Group priced a US$200 million debt private placement which will be issued on 19 November 2019 at which point US$100 million 3.31% notes due 2029 and US$100 million 3.41% notes due 2031 will be drawn down. The proceeds will be used to refinance a maturing GBP200 million 6.75% bond.

Movements in net debt were as follows:

 
                                                 Six months      Six months     Year to 
                                                         to              to    31 March 
                                               30 September    30 September        2019 
                                                       2019            2018        GBPm 
                                                       GBPm            GBPm 
------------------------------------------- 
 Net debt carried forward from previous 
  period                                              (337)           (392)       (392) 
 IFRS 16 adoption at beginning of the                 (167)               -           - 
  period 
-------------------------------------------  --------------  --------------  ---------- 
 Net debt at beginning of period                      (504)           (392)       (392) 
-------------------------------------------  --------------  --------------  ---------- 
 Net increase in cash and cash equivalents               61              80          79 
 Net in-period decrease/(increase) in 
  borrowings and leases                                   4               -         (2) 
 Currency translation differences(1)                   (23)            (23)        (21) 
 Other fair value movements                             (3)             (2)         (1) 
 Decrease in net debt in the period                      39              55          55 
-------------------------------------------  --------------  --------------  ---------- 
 Net debt at end of the period                        (465)           (337)       (337) 
-------------------------------------------  --------------  --------------  ---------- 
 

1 Includes the foreign currency element of the fair value movement on currency swaps and the translation of foreign denominated borrowings.

7. Financial instruments

Carrying amount versus fair value

The fair value of borrowings, excluding lease liabilities, is estimated to be GBP629 million (30 September 2018 - GBP593 million; 31 March 2019 - GBP596 million) and has been determined using quoted market prices, broker dealer quotations or discounted cash flow analysis. The carrying value of other assets and liabilities held at amortised cost is not materially different from their fair value.

Fair value measurements recognised in the balance sheet

The table below shows the Group's financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value at 30 September 2019. The fair value hierarchy categorisation, valuation techniques and inputs, is consistent with those used in the year to 31 March 2019.

 
                                               At 30 September 2019                At 31 March 2019 
                                     ------------------------------  ------------------------------ 
                                      Level   Level   Level   Total   Level   Level   Level   Total 
                                          1       2       3    GBPm       1       2       3    GBPm 
                                       GBPm    GBPm    GBPm            GBPm    GBPm    GBPm 
-----------------------------------  ------  ------  ------  ------  ------  ------  ------  ------ 
 Assets at fair value 
 Investments in equities(1)               -       -      64      64       -       -      59      59 
 Derivative financial instruments: 
 - currency swaps                         -       -       -       -       -       1       -       1 
 - interest rate swaps                    -       7       -       7       -       5       -       5 
 - commodity pricing contracts            5       -      24      29       2       1      39      42 
-----------------------------------  ------  ------  ------  ------  ------  ------  ------  ------ 
 Assets at fair value                     5       7      88     100       2       7      98     107 
-----------------------------------  ------  ------  ------  ------  ------  ------  ------  ------ 
 Liabilities at fair value 
 Derivative financial instruments: 
 - currency swaps                         -    (39)       -    (39)       -    (31)       -    (31) 
 - commodity pricing contracts          (9)     (3)     (3)    (15)     (7)     (7)     (2)    (16) 
-----------------------------------  ------  ------  ------  ------  ------  ------  ------  ------ 
 Liabilities at fair value              (9)    (42)     (3)    (54)     (7)    (38)     (2)    (47) 
-----------------------------------  ------  ------  ------  ------  ------  ------  ------  ------ 
 

1 Includes FVPL assets of GBP38 million (31 March 2019 - GBP35 million) and FVOCI assets of GBP26 million (31 March 2019 - GBP24 million).

The Group's net US commodity position is recognised at fair value on the basis that doing so aligns with the economics of the business and minimises price risk volatility. The most significant unobservable inputs in the valuation of US commodity contracts remain the future price of co-product positions and basis and so are included as Level 3 financial instruments. They are valued based on the Group's own assessment of the particular commodity, its supply and demand and expected pricing. A 10% movement in the price of co-products and basis would result in a net fair value movement of GBP1 million and GBP1 million respectively.

In the period GBP2 million (year to 31 March 2019 - GBPnil) of commodity pricing contracts have transferred from Level 2 to Level 3 as the Level 3 element of those contracts exceeded 10% of the total contract value in the period to 30 September 2019.

The derivative financial instruments included with the Group's Level 2 financial instruments are valued based on observable inputs. The fair value of swaps is based indirectly on published rate curves and the commodity contracts are valued by reference to the Chicago Mercantile Exchange.

Investment in equities are valued based on management's assessment of the value of those investments and so is sensitive to a number of market and non-market factors.

The following table reconciles the movement in fair value of net financial instruments classified in fair value hierarchy 'Level 3':

 
                                                                                    Commodity        Commodity 
                                                                                      pricing          pricing 
                                                              Financial assets at    contract         contract 
                             Financial assets at FVPL                       FVOCI    - assets    - liabilities   Total 
                                                 GBPm                        GBPm        GBPm             GBPm    GBPm 
--------------------------  -------------------------  --------------------------  ----------  ---------------  ------ 
 At 1 April 2019                                   35                          24          39              (2)      96 
--------------------------  -------------------------  --------------------------  ----------  ---------------  ------ 
 Income statement: 
  - prior year amounts 
   settled                                          -                           -        (38)                1    (37) 
  - current year 
   unrealised net 
   gain/(loss)                                      -                           -          23              (2)      21 
  Other comprehensive 
   income                                           -                           1           -                -       1 
  Non-qualified deferred 
   compensation 
   arrangements                                     1                           -           -                -       1 
  Purchases                                         2                           1           -                -       3 
 Disposals                                        (2)                           -           -                -     (2) 
 Currency translation 
  differences                                       2                           -           -                -       2 
--------------------------  -------------------------  --------------------------  ----------  ---------------  ------ 
 At 30 September 2019                              38                          26          24              (3)      85 
--------------------------  -------------------------  --------------------------  ----------  ---------------  ------ 
 

8. Retirement benefit obligations

On 18 September, the Group supported the trustees of the main UK pension scheme in completing a GBP930 million bulk annuity insurance policy 'buy-in' for that scheme. As a result, the assets of the main UK pension scheme were replaced with an insurance asset matching UK scheme liabilities. The impact of this transaction was to derecognise GBP195 million of pension scheme accounting surplus by charging the same amount to other comprehensive income. There was no impact on profit before tax.

The other significant movement in retirement benefit obligations in the period relates to actuarial losses of GBP155 million, which arose because of a reduction in the discount rates applied to pension liabilities in the US (from 3.8% to 3.0%) and UK (from 2.4% to 1.8%). The corresponding gain on plan assets in the period was GBP114 million. Neither items impacted profit before tax.

At 30 September 2019, the Group's retirement benefit obligations are now in a net deficit of GBP207 million (31 March 2019 - surplus of GBP24 million), with the movement principally reflecting the charges to other comprehensive income set out above. The closing total net deficit substantially comprises the unfunded schemes in the US. The net deficit of GBP18 million relating to UK plans was not subject to the 'buy-in'.

Other movements in retirement benefit obligations comprise a net income statement charge of GBP2 million, employer contributions of GBP18 million and an increase in the net deficit for currency translation of GBP10 million.

These movements are set out in the table below:

 
                                                                        Six months to 30 September 
                                                                                              2019 
                                                                 --------------------------------- 
                                                                    UK plans    US plans   Total 
                                                                        GBPm        GBPm    GBPm 
---------------------------------------------------------------  -----------  ----------  ------ 
 Net surplus/(deficit) at 1 April 2019                                   181       (157)      24 
---------------------------------------------------------------  -----------  ----------  ------ 
 Income statement: 
 - current service costs                                                   -         (1)     (1) 
 - administration costs                                                    -         (1)     (1) 
 - net interest expense                                                    2         (2)       - 
 Other comprehensive income: 
            - return on plan assets                                       71          43     114 
            - impact of the 'buy-in'                                   (195)           -   (195) 
            - actuarial loss                                            (90)        (65)   (155) 
 Other movements: 
            - employer's contributions                                    14           4      18 
            - non-qualified deferred compensation arrangements             -         (1)     (1) 
            - currency translation differences                           (1)         (9)    (10) 
---------------------------------------------------------------  -----------  ----------  ------ 
 Net deficit at 30 September 2019                                       (18)       (189)   (207) 
---------------------------------------------------------------  -----------  ----------  ------ 
 

9. Contingent liabilities

The Group is subject to claims and litigation generally arising in the ordinary course of its business. Provision is made when liabilities are considered likely to arise and the expected quantum of the exposure is estimable. The risk in relation to claims and litigation is monitored on an ongoing basis and provisions amended accordingly. It is not expected that claims and litigation existing at 30 September 2019 will have a material adverse effect on the Group's financial position.

10. Events after the reporting period

There are no material post balance sheet events requiring disclosure in respect of the six months to 30 September 2019.

11. Accounting standards adopted in the year

As explained in Note 1, the Group has adopted IFRS 16 Leases and IFRIC 23 Uncertainty over Income Tax Treatments. The impact of the adoption of these standards is below. Comparatives have not been restated.

IFRS 16 Leases

The Group has adopted IFRS 16 from 1 April 2019 using the modified retrospective approach. The Group's leases principally comprise railcars, properties and other miscellaneous leases such as motor vehicles or machinery. The Group has not restated comparatives for the 2019 financial year as permitted. The reclassifications and the adjustments arising from the new leasing standard are therefore recognised in the opening balance sheet on 1 April 2019.

   a)    Adjustments recognised on adoption of IFRS 16 
 
                                   31 March                1 April 
                                       2019   Adjustment      2019 
                                       GBPm         GBPm      GBPm 
--------------------------------  ---------  -----------  -------- 
 Non-current assets 
  Property, plant and equipment         982          151     1 133 
  Liabilities 
 Trade and other payables               342          (5)       337 
 Borrowings                             597          167       764 
 Deferred tax liabilities                46          (3)        43 
--------------------------------  ---------  -----------  -------- 
 Equity 
 Retained earnings                      741          (8)       733 
--------------------------------  ---------  -----------  -------- 
 

The Group has recognised lease liabilities in relation to leases which had previously been classified as 'operating leases' under the principles of IAS 17 Leases. These liabilities were measured at the present value of the remaining lease payments, discounted using the lessee's incremental borrowing rate as at 1 April 2019. The weighted average incremental borrowing rate applied to the lease liabilities on 1 April 2019 was 4%. For leases previously classified as finance leases, the Group recognised the carrying amount of the lease asset and lease liability immediately before transition as the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset and the lease liability at the date of initial application.

 
                                                              1 April 
                                                                 2019 
                                                                 GBPm 
-----------------------------------------------------------  -------- 
 Operating lease commitments disclosed as at 31 March 2019        308 
 Less: contract not recognised as an IFRS 16 lease              (112) 
 Discounted using the Group's incremental borrowing rate 
  at the date of initial application                             (29) 
-----------------------------------------------------------  -------- 
 Recognised as IFRS 16 leases at 31 March 2019                    167 
 Add: finance lease liabilities as at 31 March 2019                11 
 Lease liability at 1 April 2019                                  178 
-----------------------------------------------------------  -------- 
 Of which: 
  Current lease liabilities                                        26 
  Non-current lease liabilities                                   152 
-----------------------------------------------------------  -------- 
 

At 31 March 2019 the Group had an IAS 17 operating lease of GBP112 million in respect of an energy procurement contract and related infrastructure. This contract was not recognised as an IFRS 16 lease as the Group has determined that it does not have the right to direct the use of the related asset.

Where practicable the associated right-of-use assets were measured on a retrospective basis, as if the new rules had always been applied. Where this was not possible, right-of-use assets were measured at the amount equal to the lease liability as at 1 April 2019. There were no onerous lease contracts that would have required an adjustment to the right-of-use assets at the date of initial application.

The recognised right-of-use assets relate to the following types of asset:

 
                        1 April 2019 
                                GBPm 
---------------------  ------------- 
 Railcars                         97 
 Properties                       51 
 Other                             3 
---------------------  ------------- 
 Right-of-use assets             151 
---------------------  ------------- 
 
   b)    Accounting policy and key judgements 

Having adopted IFRS 16 the Group applies the following approach. At the commencement date of the lease, the Group recognises lease liabilities measured at the present value of lease payments to be made over the lease term which includes periods covered by renewal options the Group is reasonably certain to exercise. In calculating the present value of lease payments, the Group uses the incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date.

The Group recognises right-of-use assets at the commencement date of the lease. Right-of-use assets are measured at cost including the amount of lease liabilities recognised and initial direct costs incurred. Right-of-use assets are subject to impairment.

The Group applies the short-term lease exemption and the low-value lease exemption. The effect of applying this is not expected to be material.

IFRIC 23 Uncertainty over Income Tax Treatments

The interpretation is to be applied to the determination of taxable profit, tax bases, unused tax losses, unused tax credits and tax rates, when there is uncertainty over income tax treatments under IAS 12. The interpretation specifically addresses the following:

   --      Whether an entity considers uncertain tax treatments separately 

-- The assumptions an entity makes about the examination of tax treatments by taxation authorities

-- How an entity determines taxable profit (tax loss), tax bases, unused tax losses, unused tax credits and tax rates

   --      How an entity considers changes in facts and circumstances 

The Group applies significant judgement in identifying uncertainties over income tax treatments and operates in a complex multinational environment. Following a detailed assessment the Group has determined that the adoption of this interpretation has not had a material impact on the Group's financial statements.

No other new standards, new interpretations or amendments to standards or interpretations have been published which are expected to have a significant impact on the Group's financial statements.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

For the six months to 30 September 2019

Calculation of changes in constant currency

Where changes in constant currency are presented in this statement, they are calculated by retranslating current period results at prior period exchange rates. The following table provides a reconciliation between the six months to September 2019 performance at actual exchange rates and at constant currency exchange rates. Absolute numbers presented in the table are rounded for presentational purposes, whereas the growth percentages are calculated on unrounded numbers.

 
                                                                                      Change 
Six months to 30                                2019                                      in 
 September Adjusted                      at constant   Underlying                   constant 
 performance              2019      FX      currency       growth   2018   Change   currency 
 Continuing operations    GBPm    GBPm          GBPm         GBPm   GBPm        %          % 
Sales                    1 476    (65)         1 411           28  1 383       7%         2% 
Adjusted operating 
 profit 
Food & Beverage 
 Solutions                  90     (4)            86            9     77      17%        11% 
Sucralose                   29     (2)            27            -     27       5%       (1%) 
Primary Products            86     (5)            81          (4)     85       1%       (5%) 
 Central                  (22)       1          (21)            2   (23)       7%         8% 
Adjusted operating 
 profit                    183    (10)           173            7    166      10%         4% 
Net finance expense       (15)       -          (15)          (2)   (13)    (17%)      (12%) 
Share of profit 
 after tax of joint 
 ventures                   13       -            13            -     13       2%       (2%) 
Adjusted profit 
 before tax                181    (10)           171            5    166       9%         3% 
Adjusted income 
 tax expense              (38)       3          (35)            1   (36)     (6%)         1% 
Adjusted profit 
 after tax                 143     (7)           136            6    130      10%         4% 
Adjusted diluted 
 EPS (pence)             30.5p  (1.8p)         28.7p         0.8p  27.9p       9%         3% 
 

Statement of Directors' responsibilities

The Directors confirm: that this condensed consolidated set of financial information has been prepared in accordance with International Accounting Standard 34 Interim Financial Reporting as adopted by the European Union; that the condensed consolidated set of financial statements gives a true and fair view of the assets, liabilities, financial position and profit or loss as required by the Disclosure Guidance and Transparency Rules (DTRs) sourcebook of the United Kingdom's Financial Conduct Authority, paragraph DTR 4.2.4; and that the interim management report herein includes a fair review of the information required by paragraphs DTR 4.2.7 and DTR 4.2.8, namely:

-- an indication of important events that have occurred during the first six months and their impact on the condensed set of consolidated financial information;

-- a description of the principal risks and uncertainties for the remaining six months of the financial year; and

-- material related party transactions in the first six months and any material changes in the related party transactions described in the last Annual Report.

The Directors are responsible for the maintenance and integrity of the Company's website. UK legislation governing the preparation and dissemination of financial statements may differ from legislation in other jurisdictions.

The Directors of Tate & Lyle PLC are listed in the Tate & Lyle Annual Report for the year ended 31 March 2019; the changes to the Board since 31 March 2019 being the appointment of Kimberly Nelson on 1 July 2019 and the retirement as a director of Douglas Hurt on 25 July 2019.

For and on behalf of the Board of Directors:

   Nick Hampton                                                      Imran Nawaz 
   Chief Executive                                                   Chief Financial Officer 

6 November 2019

INDEPENDENT REVIEW REPORT TO TATE & LYLE PLC

Introduction

We have been engaged by the Company to review the condensed set of financial statements in the Statement of Half Year Results for the six months to 30 September 2019 which comprises the condensed consolidated income statement, the condensed consolidated statement of comprehensive income, the condensed consolidated statement of financial position, the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows, the condensed consolidated statement of changes in equity and the related explanatory notes. We have read the other information contained in the Statement of Half Year Results and considered whether it contains any apparent misstatements or material inconsistencies with the information in the condensed set of financial statements.

This report is made solely to the Company in accordance with guidance contained in International Standard on Review Engagements 2410 (UK and Ireland) "Review of Interim Financial Information Performed by the Independent Auditor of the Entity" issued by the Auditing Practices Board. To the fullest extent permitted by law, we do not accept or assume responsibility to anyone other than the Company, for our work, for this report, or for the conclusions we have formed.

Directors' Responsibilities

The Statement of Half Year Results is the responsibility of, and has been approved by, the Directors. The Directors are responsible for preparing the Statement of Half Year Results in accordance with the Disclosure Guidance and Transparency Rules of the United Kingdom's Financial Conduct Authority.

As disclosed in Note 1, the annual financial statements of the Group are prepared in accordance with IFRSs as adopted by the European Union. The condensed set of financial statements included in this Statement of Half Year Results has been prepared in accordance with International Accounting Standard 34, "Interim Financial Reporting", as adopted by the European Union.

Our Responsibility

Our responsibility is to express to the Company a conclusion on the condensed set of financial statements in the Statement of Half Year Results based on our review.

Scope of Review

We conducted our review in accordance with International Standard on Review Engagements (UK and Ireland) 2410, "Review of Interim Financial Information Performed by the Independent Auditor of the Entity" issued by the Auditing Practices Board for use in the United Kingdom. A review of interim financial information consists of making enquiries, primarily of persons responsible for financial and accounting matters, and applying analytical and other review procedures. A review is substantially less in scope than an audit conducted in accordance with International Standards on Auditing (UK) and consequently does not enable us to obtain assurance that we would become aware of all significant matters that might be identified in an audit. Accordingly, we do not express an audit opinion.

Conclusion

Based on our review, nothing has come to our attention that causes us to believe that the condensed set of financial statements in the Statement of Half Year Results for the six months to 30 September 2019 is not prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with International Accounting Standard 34 as adopted by the European Union and the Disclosure Guidance and Transparency Rules of the United Kingdom's Financial Conduct Authority.

Ernst & Young LLP

London

6 November 2019

This information is provided by RNS, the news service of the London Stock Exchange. RNS is approved by the Financial Conduct Authority to act as a Primary Information Provider in the United Kingdom. Terms and conditions relating to the use and distribution of this information may apply. For further information, please contact rns@lseg.com or visit www.rns.com.

END

IR UNSWRKUAARAA

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