WLDSW Wearable Devices Ltd

FORM 20-F

☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File No.: 001-41502

Wearable Devices Ltd.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Translation of registrant’s name into English: Not applicable

Israel

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

5 Ha-Tnufa Street

Yokne’am Illit, 2066736

Israel

(Address of principal executive offices)

Asher Dahan

Chief Executive Officer

Tel: +972.4.6185670

asher.dahan@wearabledevices.co.il

5 Ha-Tnufa Street

Yokne’am Illit, 2066736

Israel

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report: 707,463 ordinary shares as of December 31, 2024.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes ☐  No ☒

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act of 1934.

Yes ☐  No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☒  No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months.

Yes ☒  No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer, “accelerated filer,” and emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards † provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☒

†The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing.

U.S. GAAP ☒

International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ☐

Other ☐

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

☐ Item 17  ☐ Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company.

Yes ☐  No ☒

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Wearable Devices Ltd.

INTRODUCTION

In this annual report, “we,” “us,” “our,” the “Company” and “WLDS” refer to Wearable Devices Ltd.

Wearable Devices Ltd. was incorporated in Israel in 2014 under the name “Wearable Devices Ltd.”

We are a growth company developing a non-invasive neural input interface in the form of a wrist wearable band for controlling digital devices using subtle touchless finger movements. Since our technology was introduced to the market in 2014, we have been working with both Business-to-Business, or B2B, and Business to Consumer, or B2C, customers as part of our push-pull strategy. We have completed the transition phase from research and development to commercialization of our technology into B2B and B2C products. At the same time, we are manufacturing our first B2C consumer product, the Mudra Band, an aftermarket accessory band for the Apple Watch which allows touchless operation and control of Apple ecosystem devices such as iPhone, Mac computer, Apple TV, and iPad, inter alia.

Our reporting currency and functional currency is the U.S. dollar. Unless otherwise expressly stated or the context otherwise requires, references in this annual report to “NIS” are to New Israeli Shekels, and references to “dollars” or “$” mean U.S. dollars.

Unless derived from our financial statements or otherwise noted, amounts presented in this annual report are translated at the rate of NIS 3.647 = USD 1.00, the exchange rate between the NIS and the U.S. dollar reported by the Bank of Israel as of December 31, 2024.

This annual report includes statistical, market and industry data and forecasts which we obtained from publicly available information and independent industry publications and reports that we believe to be reliable sources. These publicly available industry publications and reports generally state that they obtain their information from sources that they believe to be reliable, but they do not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of the information. Although we believe that these sources are reliable, we have not independently verified the information contained in such publications.

We report our financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or U.S. GAAP.

On October 7, 2024, we effectuated a 1-for-20 reverse share split of our issued and outstanding Ordinary Shares, no par value per share, or the Ordinary Shares in order to regain compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2), and on March 17, 2025, we effectuated an additional 1-for-4 reverse share split of our issued and outstanding Ordinary Shares. All historical quantities of the Ordinary Shares and per share data herein are presented on a post-split basis to give effect to our 1-for-20 reverse share split and our 1-for-4 reverse share split effected prior to the start of trading on Nasdaq on October 10, 2024 and on March 17, 2025, respectively.

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain information included or incorporated by reference in this annual report on Form 20-F may be deemed to be “forward-looking statements”. Forward-looking statements are often characterized by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “continue,” “believe,” “should,” “intend,” “project” or other similar words, but are not the only way these statements are identified.

These forward-looking statements may include, but are not limited to, statements relating to our objectives, plans and strategies, statements that contain projections of results of operations or of financial condition, expected capital needs, and expenses, statements relating to the research, development, completion and use of our products, and all statements (other than statements of historical facts) that address activities, events or developments that we intend, expect, project, believe or anticipate will or may occur in the future.

Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks and uncertainties. We have based these forward-looking statements on assumptions and assessments made by our management in light of their experience and their perception of historical trends, current conditions, expected future developments, and other factors they believe to be appropriate.

Important factors that could cause actual results, developments, and business decisions to differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements include, among other things:

Readers are urged to carefully review and consider the various disclosures made throughout this annual report on Form 20-F which are designed to advise interested parties of the risks and factors that may affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

You should not put undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statements in this annual report on Form 20-F are made as of the date hereof, and we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

PART I

ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable.

ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION

A. [Reserved]

B. Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds.

Not applicable.

D. Risk Factors.

Our business faces significant risks. You should carefully consider the risks described below, together with all of the other information in this annual report on Form 20-F. The risks described below are not the only risks facing us. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial may also materially and adversely affect our business operations. If any of these risks actually occurs, our business and financial condition could suffer and the price of our securities could decline. This annual report also contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our results could materially differ from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, as a result of certain factors including the risks described below and elsewhere in this report and our other Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, filings. See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” above.

Summary Risk Factors

Risks Related to Our Business

Risks Related to the Industry in Which We Operate

Risks Related to Our Financial Condition and Operations

Risks Related to Ownership of our Ordinary Shares and Warrants

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

Risks Related to Operations in Israel

General Risk Factors

Risks Related to Our Business

We are a growth company with limited operating history. We may never be able to effectuate our business plan or achieve sufficient revenue or reach profitability.

For some aspects of our technology, we are still a growth company, and are subject to all of the risks inherent in the establishment of a new business enterprise. We have a limited operating history and only a preliminary and unproven business plan upon which investors may evaluate our prospects. Although we have produced a working development kit – the Mudra Development Kit (formerly named Mudra Inspire) – we have not mass produced any product planned for global consumers. Even if we are able to do so, we may not be able to manufacture the product at the low costs needed to support our business models. We have not yet entered into any commercial arrangement for the licensing of our technology under a licensing model.

Furthermore, even if our technology becomes commercially viable, our business models may not generate sufficient revenue necessary to support our business. The consumer electronics industry is highly competitive, and our technology, products, services or business models may not achieve widespread market acceptance. If we are unable to address any of the aforementioned issues, or encounter other problems, expenses, difficulties, complications, and delays in connection with the starting and expansion of our business, our entire business may fail.

Our ability to generate revenue from our operations and, ultimately, achieve profitability will depend on, among other things, whether we can complete the development and commercialization of our technology, our ability to integrate and license our technology into consumer electronic devices, our future products and our services, whether we can manufacture products on a commercial scale in such amounts and at such costs as we anticipate, and whether we can achieve market acceptance of our products, services and business models. We may never generate any revenue or operate on a profitable basis. Even if we achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain it.

We invest effort and money into seeking validation of our technology and products with B2B companies, such as consumer electronics companies and consumer electronics brands, and there can be no assurance that we will enter into license agreements, which could adversely affect our future business, results of operations and financial condition.

We invest effort and money from the time of our initial contact with a B2B company, be it a consumer electronics company or a consumer electronics brand, to the date on which the B2B company chooses to integrate our technology into one or more of its products. The B2B company integrates our products and our proprietary software and hardware into a complete consumer electronics product that it manufactures. Successful validation of our technology will result in a signed commercial license agreement with the B2B company. However, we estimate there will be a three-to-five-year period from the time we are first introduced to such a customer to signing a licensing agreement and as of March 19, 2025, we have not entered into any licensing agreements. This is a significant amount of time and negotiations may break down during the course of such negotiations. Accordingly, there is a possibility that we could expend our resources without success.

In addition, a B2B company’s current solution, internally developed or integrated with a third-party solution, may have an advantage with the company going forward because of the established trust and relationship between the parties, which could make it more difficult for competitors, like us, to integrate new solutions for other products or product lines. If we fail to sign a significant number of B2B license agreements in the future, our business, results of operations and financial condition would be adversely affected.

There is no assurance that wrist SNC will be the dominant input method in the wearable computing and consumer electronics industry.

Although we believe that SNC, the technology behind our Mudra gesture recognition system that tracks neural signals in the user’s wrist, will become the industry standard input method for wearable computing and consumer electronics, it is possible that other input methods, such as electroencephalography, electromyography voice or camera gestures-or a new, disruptive sensor based on new or existing technology-will achieve acceptance or dominance in the market. If wearable computing and consumer electronics based on other input methods gain acceptance by the market, consumer electronics companies, consumer electronics brands and consumers in place of or as a substitute to SNC, and we do not sign license and integration agreements to the same extent as we expect, our business, results of operations and financial condition would be adversely affected.

If we are unable to successfully develop and timely introduce new products and services or enhance existing products and services, our business may be adversely affected.

We must continually develop and introduce new products and services and improve and enhance our existing products and services to maintain or increase our sales. The success of new or enhanced products and services may depend on a number of factors, including anticipating and effectively addressing consumer preferences and demand, the success of our sales and marketing efforts, timely and successful research and development, effective forecasting and management of product demand, purchase commitments and inventory levels, effective management of manufacturing and supply costs, and the quality of or defects in our products.

The development of our products and services is a complex and costly process, and we typically have several products and services in development at the same time. Given the complexity, we occasionally have experienced, and could experience in the future, delays in completing the development and introduction of new and enhanced products, product features, and services. Problems in the design or quality of our products or services may also have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, brand, and operating results. Unanticipated problems in developing products and services could also divert substantial research and development resources, which may impair our ability to develop new products and services and enhancements of existing products and services, and could substantially increase our costs. If new or enhanced product and service introductions are delayed or not successful, we may not be able to achieve an acceptable return, if any, on our research and development efforts, and our business may be adversely affected.

If we are unable to develop and introduce new gesture input functions and improve existing functions in a cost-effective and timely manner, our business, results of operations and financial condition would be adversely affected.

Our business and future operating results will depend on our ability to complete development of existing finger and hand gestures and to develop and introduce new and enhanced gesture functions that incorporate the latest technological advancements in user experience and user interaction, software, algorithms and electrode technologies and to satisfy our customers and consumers. This will require us to invest resources in research and development and also require that we:

If there are delays in or we fail to complete our existing and new development programs, we may not be able to meet the requirements, needs and preferences of our customers and consumers and our results of operations and financial condition would be adversely affected. In addition, we cannot assure you that our investment in research and development will lead to any corresponding revenue, in which case our business, results of operations and financial condition would also be adversely affected.

The failure to effectively manage the introduction of new or enhanced products may adversely affect our operating results.

We make efforts to release new consumer products or enhanced product features successfully. The release of new consumer products could adversely impact the sales of our existing products to consumers. For instance, consumers may decide to purchase new products instead of existing products. Moreover, future consumer electronics customers may decide to integrate enhanced features which do not yet exist in our own consumer products. This could lead to excess inventory and discounting of our existing products. In addition, we anticipate incurring higher levels of sales and marketing expenses accompanying each product introduction. Accordingly, if we fail to effectively manage introductions of new consumer products or enhanced product features, our operating results would be harmed.

Our current and future products and services may experience quality problems from time to time that can result in adverse publicity, product recalls, litigation, regulatory proceedings, and warranty claims resulting in significant direct or indirect costs, decreased revenue and operating margin, and harm to our brand.

We sell complex products and services that could contain design and manufacturing defects in their materials, hardware, software, and firmware. These defects could include defective materials or components, or “bugs” that can unexpectedly interfere with the products’ intended operations or cause injuries to users. Although we significantly and thoroughly test new and enhanced products and services before their release, there can be no assurance we will be able to detect, prevent, or fix all defects.

Failure to detect, prevent, or fix defects could result in a variety of consequences, including a greater number of returns of products than expected from our customers and consumers, or future retail customers, regulatory proceedings, product recalls, and litigation, which could harm our revenue and operating results. The occurrence of real or perceived quality problems or material defects in our current and future products could expose us to warranty claims. If we experience relatively large returns from our retail customers or our other customers and consumers, our business and operating results could be harmed. In addition, any negative publicity or lawsuits filed against us related to the perceived quality and safety of our products could also affect our brand and decrease demand for our products and services, and adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

Furthermore, our products are used to monitor our users’ hand bio-potentials activity and to operate control functions on a large variety of digital devices which operate on different users’ wrist physiology and device operating system and model. It may happen that our products do not provide accurate measurements or correctly classify gestures to users, which may result in negative publicity, and, in some cases, may require us to expend time and resources to defend litigation. If our products fail to provide accurate measurements and control functions to users, or if there are reports or claims of inaccurate measurements or claims regarding the overall benefits of our products and services in the future, we may become the subject of negative publicity, litigation, including class action litigation, regulatory proceedings, and warranty claims, and our brand, operating results, and business could be harmed.

The period of time from a license agreement to implementation of our technology is long and we are subject to the risks of cancellation or postponement of the contract or unsuccessful implementation.

Our products are technologically complex, incorporate many technological innovations and are typically intended for use in interface input applications. Prospective consumer electronics customers generally must make significant commitments of resources to test and validate our technology before including it in any particular product device. The development cycles of our products with new consumer electronics customers may take approximately one to three years after an initial agreement is reached, depending on the customer and the complexity of the input solution. These development cycles result in our investment of our resources prior to realization of any revenues. Further, we are subject to the risk that a consumer electronics company cancels or postpones implementation of our technology, as well as that we may not be able to implement our technology successfully. Further, our sales could be less than forecast if the product device is unsuccessful, due to reasons related or unrelated to our technology. Long development cycles and product cancellations or postponements may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

If we are unable to anticipate and satisfy consumer preferences in a timely manner, our business may be adversely affected.

Our success depends on our ability to anticipate and satisfy consumer preferences in a timely manner. All of our products are subject to changing consumer preferences that cannot be predicted with certainty. Consumers may decide not to choose our solutions or purchase our products and services as their preferences could shift rapidly to different types of input methods or away from these types of products and services altogether, and our future success depends in part on our ability to anticipate and respond to shifts in consumer preferences. In addition, future products may have higher prices than our current products and the products of some of our competitors, which may not appeal to consumers or only appeal to a smaller subset of consumers. It is also possible that competitors could introduce new products and services that negatively impact consumer preferences for our input method and technology, which could result in decreased sales of our products and services and a loss in market share. Accordingly, if we fail to anticipate and satisfy consumer preferences in a timely manner, our business may be adversely affected.

If we are unable to successfully comply with Apple Inc.’s, or Apple, “Accessory Design Guidelines for Apple Devices”, our business, results of operation and financial condition may be adversely affected.

Our consumer product, the Mudra Band, is an aftermarket accessory band for the Apple Watch which allows touchless operation and control of the watch and iPhone. Apple enforces strict guidelines which address the physical design of cases, covers, screen overlays, and camera attachments for Apple devices and specifications for hardware accessories that use Bluetooth to communicate with Apple products including Mac, iPhone, iPad and iPod touch models. All accessories must meet requirements which include, and may not be limited to, compliance testing, integrated USB receptacles, user supplied cables and AC power adapters, attachments, magnetic interference, radio frequency performance, thermal management and tripod connections. In particular, watch bands, such as the Mudra Band, have to meet certain requirements with respect to lugs, magnetic chargers, band sizes and dimensions, band material, and environmental regulations. Accessories have to also comply with Bluetooth accessory identification, accessory power (lighting), app discovery, device power, power and communications protocols, Bluetooth, Bluetooth low energy and connectors.

Apple reserves the right to change specifications and the terms and conditions at its sole consideration, and, therefore, we may be required to change the Mudra Band specifications to comply with future Apple change requirements. Our company is investing significant resources to ensure that the Mudra Band is compatible with all the relevant guidelines. Therefore, a significant change in the Apple guidelines may cause our business, results of operations and financial condition to be adversely affected.

We rely on a limited number of suppliers, contract manufacturers, and logistics providers, and each of our products is manufactured by a single contract manufacturer.

We rely on a limited number of suppliers, contract manufacturers, and logistics providers. In particular, we use contract manufacturers located in Asia and Israel, and each of our products’ sub-components are manufactured by a different single contract manufacturer. Our reliance on single contract manufacturers for each of our products’ components increases our risks since we do not currently have any alternative or replacement manufacturers. In the event of an interruption from a contract manufacturer, we may not be able to develop alternate or secondary sources without incurring material additional costs and substantial delays. While component shortages have historically been immaterial, they could be material in the future. Furthermore, these risks could materially and adversely affect our business if one of our contract manufacturers is impacted by a natural disaster or other interruption at a particular location because each of our contract manufacturers produces our product’s components in a single location. In addition, some of our suppliers, contract manufacturers, and logistics providers may have more established relationships with our competitors and potential competitors, and as a result of such relationships, such suppliers, contract manufacturers, and logistics providers may choose to limit or terminate their relationship with us.

If we experience significantly increased demand, or if we need to replace an existing supplier, contract manufacturer, or logistics provider, we may be unable to supplement or replace such supply, contract manufacturing, or logistics capacity on terms that are acceptable to us, which may undermine our ability to deliver our products to customers in a timely manner. For example, for certain of our products, it may take a significant amount of time to identify a contract manufacturer that has the capability and resources to build the product to our specifications in sufficient volume. Identifying suitable suppliers, contract manufacturers, and logistics providers is an extensive process that requires us to become satisfied with their quality control, technical capabilities, responsiveness and service, financial stability, regulatory compliance, and labor and other ethical practices. Accordingly, a loss of any key supplier, contract manufacturer, or logistics provider could adversely impact our revenue and operating results.

Because many of the key components in our products come from limited or sole sources of supply, we are susceptible to supply shortages, long lead times for components, and supply changes, any of which could disrupt our supply chain.

Many of the key components used to manufacture our products come from limited or sole sources of supply. Our contract manufacturers generally purchase these components on our behalf, subject to certain approved supplier lists, and we do not have any long-term arrangements with our suppliers. We are therefore subject to the risk of shortages and long lead times in the supply of these components and the risk that our suppliers discontinue or modify components used in our products. In addition, the lead times associated with certain components are lengthy and preclude rapid changes in quantities and delivery schedules. We have in the past experienced and may in the future experience component shortages, and the predictability of the availability of these components may be limited. While component shortages have historically been immaterial, they could be material in the future. In the event of a component shortage or supply interruption from suppliers of these components, we may not be able to develop alternate sources in a timely manner. Developing alternate sources of supply for these components may be time-consuming, difficult, and costly and we may not be able to source these components on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all, which may undermine our ability to meet our requirements or to fill our orders in a timely manner. Any interruption or delay in the supply of any of these parts or components, or the inability to obtain these parts or components from alternate sources at acceptable prices and within a reasonable amount of time, would harm our ability to meet our scheduled product deliveries to our customers and users. This could harm our relationships with our channel partners and users and could cause delays in shipment of our products and adversely affect our operating results. In addition, increased component costs could result in lower gross margins. If we are unable to buy these components in quantities sufficient to meet our requirements on a timely basis, we will not be able to deliver products and services to our customers and users.

We have limited control over our suppliers, contract manufacturers, and logistics providers, which subjects us to significant risks, including the potential inability to obtain or produce quality products on a timely basis or in sufficient quantity.

We have limited control over our suppliers, contract manufacturers, and logistics providers, including aspects of their specific manufacturing processes and their labor, environmental, or other practices, which subjects us to significant risks, including the following:

Our future success depends on the continuing efforts of our key employees, including our founders, Asher Dahan, Guy Wagner and Leeor Langer, and on our ability to attract and retain highly skilled personnel and senior management.

Our future success depends, in part, on our ability to continue to attract and retain highly skilled personnel. In particular, we are highly dependent on the contributions of our co-founders, Asher Dahan, Guy Wagner and Leeor Langer, as well as other members of our management team. The loss of any key personnel could make it difficult to manage our operations and research and development activities, reduce our employee retention and revenue, and impair our ability to compete. Although we have entered into employment agreements with our key personnel, these agreements have no specific duration and provide for at-will employment, which means they may terminate their employment relationship with us at any time.

Competition for highly skilled personnel is often intense, especially in Israel where we are located, and we may incur significant costs to attract them. We may not be successful in attracting, integrating, or retaining qualified personnel to fulfill our current or future needs. We have, from time to time, experienced, and we expect to continue to experience, difficulty in hiring and retaining highly skilled employees with appropriate qualifications. In addition, job candidates and existing employees often consider the value of the equity awards they receive in connection with their employment. If the perceived value of our equity or equity awards declines, it may adversely affect our ability to retain highly skilled employees. If we fail to attract new personnel or fail to retain and motivate our current personnel, our business and future growth prospects could be severely harmed.

We collect, store, process, and use personal information and other customer data, which subjects us to governmental regulation and other legal obligations related to privacy, cybersecurity, and data protection, and our actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations could harm our business.

We collect, store, process, and use personal information and other user data, and we rely on third parties that are not directly under our control to do so as well. Our users’ neural finger and hand signals and movement-related data and other personal information may include, but is not limited to, names, addresses, phone numbers, email addresses, payment account information, wrist size and circumference, and biometric information such as neural signals, hand movement rotation and acceleration, GPS-based location, and hand activity patterns. Due to the volume and sensitivity of the personal information and data we manage and the nature of our products, the security features of our platform and information systems are critical. If our security measures, some of which are managed by third parties, are breached or fail, unauthorized persons may be able to obtain access to sensitive user data. If we or our third-party service providers, business partners, or third-party apps with which our users choose to share their data were to experience a breach of systems compromising our users’ sensitive data, use of our products and services could decrease, our brand and reputation could be adversely affected, and we could be exposed to a risk of loss, litigation, and regulatory proceedings. Depending on the nature of the information compromised, in the event of a data breach or other unauthorized access to our user data, we may also have obligations to notify users about the incident and we may need to provide some form of remedy for the individuals affected by the incident.

In the United States, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission and numerous state attorneys general are applying federal and state consumer protection laws to impose standards on the online collection, use and dissemination of data, and to the security measures applied to such data. We continue to see increased regulation of privacy cybersecurity and data protection, including the adoption of more stringent subject matter specific state laws in the United States. For example, in 2018, California enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act, or the CCPA, which took effect on January 1, 2020. The CCPA gives California residents expanded rights to access and delete their personal information, opt out of certain personal information sharing, and receive detailed information about how their personal information is used. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches that is expected to increase data breach litigation. The CCPA may increase our compliance costs and potential liability, and we may be required to modify our practices and take additional steps in an effort to comply with the CCPA. Some observers have noted that the CCPA could mark the beginning of a trend toward more stringent state privacy legislation in the United States, which could increase our potential liability and adversely affect our business. In addition, various U.S. state privacy laws in that became effective in 2024, and upcoming laws in various other states taking effect in 2025, impose additional obligations that vary by jurisdiction. Compliance requirements continue to evolve, creating additional operational challenges and potential liabilities. Such breach notification laws continue to evolve and may be inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another. Complying with these obligations could cause us to incur substantial costs and could increase negative publicity surrounding any incident that compromises user data. Our users may also accidentally disclose or lose control of their passwords, creating the perception that our systems are not secure against third-party access. Additionally, if third parties we work with, such as vendors, developers, or consumer electronics customers who licensed our technology, violate applicable laws, agreements, or our policies, such violations may also put our users’ information at risk and could in turn have an adverse effect on our business.

Similarly, many other countries and governmental bodies, including the EU member states, have laws and regulations concerning the collection and use of personal data obtained from individuals located in the EU or by businesses operating within their jurisdiction, which are often more restrictive than those in the United States. Laws and regulations in these jurisdictions apply broadly to the collection, use, storage, disclosure and security of personal data that identifies or may be used to identify an individual, such as names, telephone numbers, email addresses and, in certain circumstances, IP addresses and other online identifiers. For example, under the General Data Protection Regulation in Europe, or the GDPR, and its UK equivalent, or the U.K. GDPR, and the CCPA, non-compliance could result in fines, penalties, or sanctions, including penalties of up to 4% of annual worldwide turnover or EUR 20 million (approximately $21 million), whichever is greater. Given the breadth and depth of its obligations, working to meet the requirements of the GDPR has required significant time and resources, including a review of our technology and systems currently in use against the requirements of the GDPR. There are also additional EU laws and regulations (and member states implementations thereof) which govern the protection of consumers and of electronic communications. We have taken measures to address certain obligations under the GDPR and to make us GDPR compliant, but we may be required to take additional steps in order to comply with the GDPR. If our efforts to comply with GDPR or other applicable EU laws and regulations are not successful, we may be subject to penalties and fines that would adversely impact our business and operating results, and our ability to conduct business in the EU could be significantly impaired.

We also continue to see jurisdictions imposing data localization laws, which require personal information, or certain subcategories of personal information to be stored in the jurisdiction of origin. These regulations may inhibit our ability to expand into those markets or prohibit us from continuing to offer services in those markets without significant additional costs.

Additionally, although we endeavor to have our products and platform comply with applicable laws and regulations, these and other obligations may be modified, they may be interpreted and applied in an inconsistent manner from one jurisdiction to another, and they may conflict with one another, other regulatory requirements, contractual commitments or our practices. We expect that there will continue to be new proposed laws, rules of self- regulatory bodies, regulations and industry standards concerning privacy, data protection and information security in the United States, the EU and other jurisdictions, and we cannot yet determine the impact such future laws, rules, regulations and standards may have on our business. The uncertainty and changes in the requirements of multiple jurisdictions may increase the cost of compliance, delay or reduce demand for our services, restrict our ability to offer services in certain locations, impact our customers’ ability to deploy our products and solutions in certain jurisdictions, or subject us to claims and litigation from private actors and investigations, proceedings, and sanctions by data protection regulators, all of which could harm our business, financial condition and operating results.

We also may be bound by contractual obligations relating to our collection, use and disclosure of personal, financial and other data or may find it necessary or desirable to join industry or other self-regulatory bodies or other privacy, cybersecurity or data protection-related organizations that require compliance with their rules pertaining to privacy and data protection.

Moreover, as global legislation, enforcement, and policy activity expand, we are subject to increasingly complex and varying international, federal, and state data privacy and cybersecurity laws, including those requiring specific protections for the transfer, storage, and use of personal data. Ensuring compliance with these laws, such as the GDPR, U.K. GDPR, CCPA, and similar legislation in other jurisdictions, is costly and resource-intensive, and failure to comply could result in significant financial and reputational harm.

Any failure or perceived failure by us, our products or our platform to comply with new or existing U.S., EU or other foreign privacy, cybersecurity or data protection laws, regulations, policies, industry standards or legal obligations, any failure to bind our suppliers and contractors to appropriate agreements or to manage their practices or any systems failure or security incident that results in the unauthorized access to, or acquisition, release or transfer of, personally identifiable information or other data relating to customers or individuals may result in governmental investigations, inquiries, enforcement actions and prosecutions, private claims and litigation, fines and penalties, adverse publicity or potential loss of business.

We rely on third-party application stores to distribute our mobile application.

We are dependent on third-party application stores that may prevent us from timely updating our applications, building new features, integrations, capabilities and enhancements or charging for access.

We distribute the mobile Mudra Inspire, Mudra Band application, and other future applications, through smartphone and tablet application stores managed by Apple and Google LLC, or Google, among others. We cannot assure you that the third-party application stores through which we distribute our mobile applications will maintain their current structures or that such application stores will not charge us fees to list our application for download. We are also depending on these third-party application stores to enable us and our users to timely update our mobile applications and to incorporate new features, integrations, capabilities and enhancements. In addition, certain of these companies are now, and others may in the future become, competitors of ours and could stop allowing or supporting access to our platform through their products, could allow access for us only at an unsustainable cost, or could make changes to the terms of access in order to make our platform less desirable or harder to access, in each case for competitive reasons.

Our management team has limited experience managing a public company.

Most members of our management team have limited experience managing a publicly-traded company, interacting with public company investors, and complying with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies. Our management team may not successfully or efficiently manage our obligations as a public company subject to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under the federal securities laws and the continuous scrutiny of securities analysts and investors. These obligations and constituents require significant attention from our senior management and could divert their attention away from the day-to-day management of our business, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and operating results.

If we experience a period of significant growth or expansion, it could place a substantial strain on our resources, and we may be unable to execute our business plan or maintain high levels of service and customer satisfaction.

We may experience rapid growth, which will place significant demands on our management and our operational and financial resources. We may also experience significant growth in the number of customers and organizations using our products, and in the amount of data that we collect and process. Additionally, our organizational structure and our operations may become more complex, requiring us to scale our operational, financial and management controls as well as our reporting systems and procedures.

As we continue to grow our business, we will face challenges in integrating, developing, training and motivating a growing employee base and maintaining our company culture. Moreover, our potential continued growth will require significant capital expenditures and the allocation of valuable management resources. Our growth could place a significant strain on our management, customer experience, research and development, sales and marketing, and other resources. In addition, as we expand our business and our customer base continues to grow, it is important that we continue to maintain a high level of customer service and satisfaction. As such, we will need to expand our account management, our customer service and other personnel so we can continue providing personalized account management and customer service as well as personalized features, integrations, capabilities and enhancements. If we fail to manage our growth in a manner that preserves high levels of customer service and the key aspects of our corporate culture, the quality of our products and services may suffer, which could negatively affect our reputation and harm our ability to attract employees, users and organizations.

We spend significant amounts on advertising and other marketing campaigns to acquire new users, and we expect to increase these advertising and marketing efforts, which may not be successful or cost effective.

We spend significant amounts on advertising and other marketing campaigns, such as online advertising and social media, to acquire new users and we expect our marketing expenses to increase in the future as we continue to spend significant amounts to acquire new users and increase awareness of our products and services. We expect to increase advertising and marketing efforts. While we seek to structure our advertising campaigns in the manner that we believe is most likely to encourage people to use our products and services, we may fail to identify advertising opportunities that satisfy our anticipated return on advertising spend as we scale our investments in marketing, accurately predict user acquisition, or fully understand or estimate the conditions and behaviors that drive user behavior. If for any reason any of our advertising campaigns prove less successful and/or cost effective than anticipated in attracting new users, we may not be able to recover our advertising spend, and our rate of user acquisition may fail to meet market expectations, either of which could have an adverse effect on our business. There can be no assurance that our advertising and other marketing efforts will result in increased sales of our products and services.

We depend on third-party data center service providers. Any disruption in the operation of the data center facilities or failure to renew the services could adversely affect our business.

Our services are hosted using data centers operated by third parties. We control neither the operation of the data centers nor our third-party data center service providers. The third-party data center service providers may have no obligation to renew their services with us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. If we are unable to renew these services on commercially reasonable terms, we may be required to transfer our servers or data to new data center facilities or engage new service providers, and we may incur significant costs and a possible interruption in our platform in connection with doing so.

Problems with our third-party data center service providers, the telecommunications network providers with whom they contract, or with the systems by which telecommunications providers allocate capacity among their users could adversely affect the experience of our users. Our third-party data center service providers could decide to close their facilities or cease to provide us services without adequate notice. In addition, any financial difficulties, such as bankruptcy, faced by our third-party data center service providers or parties they contract with may have negative effects on our business, the nature and extent of which are difficult to predict. Additionally, any failure of our data centers to meet our needs for capacity could have an adverse effect on our business. Any changes in third-party service levels at our data centers or any errors, defects, disruptions, or other performance problems with our platform could harm our brand and may damage the data of our users. Outages at our data centers, and future interruptions to our platform, might reduce our revenue, cause us to issue refunds, subject us to potential liability, or harm our ability to retain users and attract new customers.

Disruptions to our Information Technology, or IT, system may disrupt our operations and materially adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We depend on our IT systems, as well as those of third parties, to develop new products and services, operate our websites, host and manage our services, store data, process transactions, respond to user inquiries, and manage inventory and our supply chain. Our servers and equipment may be subject to cyber-security crimes, ransom hijacking, computer viruses, break-ins and similar disruptions from unauthorized tampering with computer systems. We can provide no assurance that our current IT system is fully protected against third-party intrusions, viruses, hacker attacks, information or data theft or other similar threats. A cyber-attack that bypasses our IT security systems causing an IT security breach may lead to a material disruption of our IT business systems and/or the loss of business information. Any such event could have a material adverse effect on our business until we recover using our back-up information. To the extent that such disruptions or uncertainties result in delays or cancellations of customer programs or misappropriation or release of our confidential data or our intellectual property, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Our business is subject to data security risks, and our data security measures may be inadequate to address these risks, making our systems susceptible to compromise, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

During the ordinary course of our business, we may collect, process, store and transmit substantial amounts of data and information, including users’ data. We have implemented measures to separate the data stored in our internet data centers and those stored with the third-party vendors. Security incidents may occur in the future, causing unauthorized access to, loss of, or unauthorized disclosure of such information, resulting in regulatory enforcement actions, litigation, indemnification obligations, and other potential liabilities, as well as negative publicity, which could materially adversely affect our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. Cyberattacks, computer malware, and other compromises of information security measures or malicious internet-based activity continue to increase, and cloud-native platform providers of products and services have been targeted, resulting in breaches of their information security, and are expected to continue to be targeted. We and our third-party vendors are at risk of suffering from similar attacks and breaches.

Our products may also be subject to fraudulent usage and schemes, including third parties accessing customer accounts or viewing data from our platform without our authorization. While we undertake significant efforts to protect the security and integrity of the information we collect, process, store, and transmit, we cannot entirely mitigate these risks, and there is no guarantee that inadvertent or unauthorized use or disclosure of such information will not occur or that third parties will not gain unauthorized access to such information despite our efforts. In addition, we rely on our third-party vendors to take appropriate measures to protect the security and integrity of the information on their information systems. We may not be able to anticipate or prevent all techniques that could be used to obtain unauthorized access or to compromise our systems because such techniques change frequently and are generally not detected until after an incident has occurred. Additionally, we cannot be certain that we will be able to address any vulnerabilities in our software that we may become aware of in the future. We expect similar issues to arise in the future as we continue to expand the features and functionality of our products and platform and introduce new products, and we expect to expend significant resources in an effort to protect against security incidents. In addition, any actual or suspected cybersecurity incident or other compromise of our security measures, or those of our third-party vendors, whether as a result of hacking efforts, denial-of-service attacks, viruses, malicious software, break-ins, phishing attacks, social engineering, or otherwise, could result in governmental investigations or enforcement actions, litigation, harm to our business, damage to our brand and reputation, significant costs for remediating the effects of such an incident and preventing future incidents, lost revenue due to network downtime, and a decrease in customer and user trust. Concerns regarding privacy, data protection, and information security may also cause some of our customers to stop using our products and platform and make it harder to acquire new customers. To the extent we do not effectively address these risks, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects could be materially adversely affected.

Many governments have enacted laws requiring companies to provide notice of data security incidents involving certain types of personal data. We are also contractually required to notify certain customers of certain data security breaches. To protect customers’ information, we have adopted multiple security measures that address security risks associated with data transmission, usage, storage, export and presentation. We have adopted an access control policy that requires user authentication every time there is a request to access non-public data. In addition, we have implemented an encryption program that encrypts the sensitive and confidential information stored by us. Despite our efforts, security incidents experienced by us, or by others, such as our competitors or customers, may lead to public disclosures and widespread negative publicity for us, our customers, or the construction software industry generally.

Regulatory requirements regarding the protection of personal information are constantly evolving and can be subject to differing interpretations, making the extent of our responsibilities in that regard uncertain. We currently adopt a data privacy policy with respect to how we collect, store, process and use user data and information, and we may only use such data and information to provide and improve our services, content and advertising in strict compliance with such policy. Despite the absence of any material data breach or similar incidents and our continuous efforts to comply with our privacy policy as well as all applicable laws and regulations, any failure or perceived failure to comply with these laws, regulations or policy may result in inquiries and other proceedings or actions against us by governmental authorities or others, which could cause us to lose users and business partners.

There can be no assurance that any limitations of liability provisions with customers would be enforceable or adequate or would otherwise protect us from any such liabilities or damages with respect to any particular claim. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Significant changes or developments in U.S. laws or policies, including changes in U.S. trade policies and tariffs and the reaction of other countries thereto, may have a material adverse effect on our business and financial statements.

Significant changes or developments in U.S. laws and policies, such as laws and policies surrounding international trade, foreign affairs, manufacturing and development and investment in the territories and countries where we or our customers operate, can materially adversely affect our business and financial statements. For example, President Donald Trump has signed executive orders imposing tariffs on certain imports from Mexico, Canada and China, although some have been delayed. The extent and duration of the tariffs and the resulting impact on general economic conditions and on our business are uncertain and depend on various factors, such as negotiations between the U.S. and affected countries, the responses of other countries or regions, exemptions or exclusions that may be granted, availability and cost of alternative sources of supply, and demand for our products in affected markets. Further, actions we take to adapt to new tariffs or trade restrictions may cause us to modify our operations or forgo business opportunities

Artificial intelligence presents risks and challenges that can impact our business by posing security risks to our confidential information, proprietary information and personal data.

Issues in the development and use of artificial intelligence, combined with an uncertain regulatory environment, may result in reputational harm, liability or other adverse consequences to our business operations. As with many technological innovations, artificial intelligence presents risks and challenges that could impact our business. We utilize AI tools and features in our products and the provision of our services, and work with vendors that incorporate artificial intelligence tools into their offerings and the providers of these artificial intelligence tools may not meet existing or rapidly evolving regulatory or industry standards with respect to privacy and data protection and may inhibit our or our vendors’ ability to maintain an adequate level of service and experience. If we, our vendors, or our third-party partners experience an actual or perceived breach or privacy or security incident because of the use of generative artificial intelligence, we may lose valuable intellectual property and confidential information and our reputation and the public perception of the effectiveness of our security measures could be harmed. Further, bad actors around the world use increasingly sophisticated methods, including the use of artificial intelligence, to engage in illegal activities involving the theft and misuse of personal information, confidential information and intellectual property. Any of these outcomes could damage our reputation, result in the loss of valuable property and information and adversely impact our business.

Risks Related to the Industry in Which We Operate

The forecasts of market growth included in this annual report on Form 20-F may prove to be inaccurate, and even if the markets in which we compete achieve the forecasted growth, we cannot assure you our business will grow at similar rates, if at all.

Growth forecasts are subject to significant uncertainty and are based on assumptions and estimates that may not prove to be accurate. The forecasts in this annual report on Form 20-F relating to the expected growth in the market for wearable computing devices, wearable devices, and consumer electronics industry may prove to be inaccurate. Even if these markets experience the forecasted growth described herein, we may not grow our business at similar rates, or at all. Our growth is subject to many factors, including our success in implementing our business strategy, which is subject to many risks and uncertainties. Accordingly, the forecasts of market growth included in this annual report on Form 20-F should not be taken as indicative of our future growth.

The market for wearable computing devices is still in the early stages of growth and if it does not continue to grow, grows more slowly than we expect, or fails to grow as large as we expect, our business and operating results would be harmed.

The market for wearable computing devices is relatively new and unproven, and it is uncertain whether wearable devices and wearable computers will sustain high levels of demand and wide market acceptance. Our success will depend to a substantial extent on the willingness of people to widely adopt these products and services. In part, adoption of our products and services will depend on the increasing prevalence of connected wearable computing devices as well as new entrants to the wearable computing device market to raise the profile of both the market as a whole and our own platform. Our input technology devices have largely been used to control the Apple Watch and explore input methods for wearable computers and consumer electronics. However, they have not been widely adopted for other consumer electronics devices such as AR glasses, VR headsets, and large displays for which other products are more often used. Furthermore, some individuals may be reluctant or unwilling to use wearable input devices because they have concerns regarding the risks associated with data privacy, security, accuracy and comfortability. If the wider public does not perceive the benefits of our neural input devices or chooses not to adopt them as a result of concerns regarding privacy, data security, accuracy, comfortability, or for other reasons, then the market for these products and services may not further develop, it may develop more slowly than we expect, or it may not achieve the growth potential we expect it to, any of which would adversely affect our operating results. The development and growth of this relatively new market may also prove to be a short-term trend.

We operate in a highly competitive market. If we do not compete effectively, our prospects, operating results, and financial condition could be adversely affected.

The market of input methods and peripheral devices for digital computers is highly competitive, with companies offering a variety of competitive products and services. We plan to develop and offer additional consumer electronics products for controlling and interacting with computers and digital devices. Additional consumer offerings will include applications for a variety of devices which will add value to the consumer beyond hardware functions. However, if we are unable to successfully develop additional consumer products, our results of operation may suffer. We expect competition in our market to intensify in the future as new and existing competitors introduce new or enhanced products and services that are potentially more competitive than our products and services. The digital devices input methods market has a multitude of participants, including specialized consumer electronics companies, such as Apple, Meta Platforms Inc. (formerly Facebook, Inc.), or Meta, and Google, and traditional peripheral and input solutions companies, such as Microsoft Corporation, or Microsoft, Logitech International S.A. and Razer Inc. In addition, many large, broad-based consumer electronics companies either compete in our market or adjacent markets or have announced plans to do so, including Apple and Facebook. For example, in September 2024, Meta announced that it is developing a “neural interface” that can be used to control its prototypical Orion AR glasses. In October 2023, Apple released the Apple Watch Ultra2 Double Tap capability, which allows users to tap the index finger and thumb together twice to answer a call, reply to a message, see and scroll through the Smart Stack and more based on the watch’s inertial measurement unit, or IMU, and photoplethysmography, or PPG, sensors. We also compete with a wide range of after-market periphery-related input devices that can be purchased in retail and online stores from a multitude of manufacturers. We believe that many of our competitors and potential competitors have significant competitive advantages, including longer operating histories, ability to leverage their sales efforts and marketing expenditures across a broader portfolio of products and services, larger and broader customer bases, more established relationships with a larger number of suppliers, contract manufacturers, and channel partners, greater brand recognition, ability to leverage app stores which they may operate, and greater financial, research and development, marketing, distribution, and other resources than we do. Our competitors and potential competitors may also be able to develop products or services that are equal or superior to ours, achieve greater market acceptance of their products and services, and increase sales by utilizing different distribution channels than we do. Some of our competitors may aggressively discount their products and services in order to gain market share, which could result in pricing pressures, reduced profit margins, lost market share, or a failure to grow market share for us. If we are not able to compete effectively against our current or potential competitors, our prospects, operating results, and financial condition could be adversely affected.

An economic downturn or economic uncertainty may adversely affect consumer discretionary spending and demand for our products and services.

Our products and services may be considered discretionary items for consumers. Factors affecting the level of consumer spending for such discretionary items include general economic conditions, and other factors, such as consumer confidence in future economic conditions, fears of recession, the availability and cost of consumer credit, levels of unemployment, and tax rates. As global economic conditions continue to be volatile or economic uncertainty remains, trends in consumer discretionary spending also remain unpredictable and subject to reductions. Unfavorable economic conditions may lead consumers to delay or reduce purchases of our products and services and consumer demand for our products and services may not grow as we expect. Our sensitivity to economic cycles and any related fluctuation in consumer demand for our products and services may have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.

Changes in laws and regulations related to the internet or changes in the internet infrastructure itself may diminish the demand for our services and have a negative impact on our business.

The future success of our business depends upon the continued use of the internet as a primary medium for commerce, communication and business solutions. We may be required to comply with laws or regulations regarding the use of the internet in foreign jurisdictions, such as the General Data Protection Regulation in the European Union, or the GDPR, and the California Consumer Privacy Act in the United States. Changes in these laws or regulations could require us to modify our products in order to comply with these changes. While we have implemented measures to promote compliance with applicable laws and regulations and track their developments, we cannot assure you that we will always be in compliance. In addition, the modification of our products to ensure compliance can be time-consuming, if not technically impossible. If we are unable to comply with these laws and regulations, or if we cannot modify our products in a timely fashion, our reputation, business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

In addition, government agencies may begin to impose taxes, fees or other charges for accessing the internet. These laws and changes could limit the growth of internet-related commerce or communications generally and reduce the demand for internet-based services such as ours. As our suppliers also carry out their services on the internet, such measures could increase our operating costs and we may not be able to maintain our competitive pricing as compared to the legacy software. These effects combined could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, use of the internet as a business tool could be adversely affected. The performance of the internet and its acceptance as a business tool has been adversely affected by “viruses,” “worms” and similar malicious programs and the internet has experienced a variety of outages and other delays as a result of damage to portions of its infrastructure. If the use of the internet is adversely affected by these issues, demand for our services could suffer.

Our business is subject to the risk of earthquakes, fire, power outages, floods, and other catastrophic events, and to interruption by manmade problems such as terrorism.

Our business is vulnerable to damage or interruption from earthquakes, fires, floods, pandemics, power losses, telecommunications failures, terrorist attacks, acts of war, human errors, break-ins, and similar events. The third-party systems and operations and contract manufacturers we rely on, such as the data centers we lease, are subject to similar risks. For example, a significant natural disaster, such as an earthquake, fire, or flood, could have an adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition, and our insurance coverage may be insufficient to compensate us for losses that may occur.

Our corporate offices are located in Israel, a state that frequently experiences terrorist attacks and acts of war. In addition, the facilities at which our contract manufacturers manufacture our products are located in parts of Asia that frequently endure typhoons and earthquakes. Acts of terrorism, which may be targeted at metropolitan areas that have higher population density than rural areas, could also cause disruptions in our or our suppliers’, contract manufacturers’, and logistics providers’ businesses or the economy as a whole. Our servers may also be vulnerable to computer viruses, break-ins, denial-of-service attacks, and similar disruptions from unauthorized tampering with our computer systems, which could lead to interruptions, delays, and loss of critical data. We may not have sufficient protection or recovery plans in some circumstances, such as natural disasters affecting Israel or other locations where we have data centers or store significant inventory of our products. As we rely heavily on our data center facilities, computer and communications systems, and the Internet to conduct our business and provide high-quality customer service, these disruptions could negatively impact our ability to run our business and either directly or indirectly disrupt suppliers’ businesses, which could have an adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition.

Risks Related to Our Financial Condition and Operations

Our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024, contained an explanatory paragraph regarding substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. This going concern opinion could prevent us from obtaining new financing on reasonable terms or at all and risk our ability to continue operating as a going concern.

In part because we have incurred losses in each year since our inception, our audited consolidated financial statements for the period ended December 31, 2024 contained an explanatory paragraph regarding substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. These events and conditions, along with other matters, indicated that a material uncertainty existed as of December 31, 2024, that could cast significant doubt on our ability to continue as a going concern. The financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024 have been prepared assuming that we will continue as a going concern. To date, the Company has not generated significant revenues from its activities and has incurred substantial operating losses. Management expects the Company to continue to generate substantial operating losses and to continue to fund its operations primarily through the utilization of its current financial resources, sales of its products, and through additional raises of capital. As of December 31, 2024, we incurred accumulated losses of approximately $29.1 million. A going concern opinion could materially limit our ability to raise additional funds through the issuance of equity or debt securities or otherwise in the future. Further financial statements may also include an explanatory paragraph with respect to our ability to continue as a going concern. Until we can generate significant recurring revenues, we expect to satisfy our future cash needs through existing cash, debt or equity financing. We have completed our IPO and follow on fund raising, but we require additional financing in the near future. We cannot be certain that additional funding will be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all. If funds are not available, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate research or development plans for, or commercialization efforts with respect to our products and it risks our ability to continue operating as a going concern.

We may need to raise additional capital required to grow our business, and we may not be able to raise capital on terms acceptable to us or at all, and the sale of additional shares or equity or debt securities could result in additional dilution to our shareholders.

Growing and operating our business will require significant cash outlays and capital expenditures and commitments. If cash on hand and cash from operating activities are not sufficient to meet our cash requirements, we will need to seek additional capital, potentially through debt or equity financing, to fund our growth. We may not be able to raise needed cash on terms acceptable to us or at all. Financing may be on terms that are dilutive or potentially dilutive to our shareholders, as described below, and the prices at which new investors would be willing to purchase our securities may be lower than the current price per share. The holders of new securities may also have rights, preferences, or privileges which are senior to those of existing holders of Ordinary Shares. If new sources of financing are required, but are insufficient or unavailable, we will be required to modify our growth and operating plans based on available funding, if any, which would harm our ability to grow our business.

We may need to raise additional capital through a combination of private and public equity offerings, debt financings and collaborations, and strategic and licensing arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the issuance of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interest will be diluted, and the terms may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a holder of our Ordinary Shares. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take certain actions, such as incurring debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through strategic partnerships and alliances and licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financing when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.

Our operating results or other operating metrics may fluctuate significantly, which could cause the trading price of our securities to decline.

Our operating results and other operating metrics have fluctuated in the past and may continue to fluctuate in each reported period. We expect that this trend will continue as a result of a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control and may be difficult to predict, including:

Any one of the factors above or the cumulative effect of some of the factors above may result in significant fluctuations in our operating results.

The variability and unpredictability of our operating results or other operating metrics could result in our failure to meet our expectations or those of any analysts that cover us or investors with respect to revenue or other operating results for a particular period. If we fail to meet or exceed such expectations for these or any other reasons, the market price of our securities could fall substantially, and we could face costly lawsuits, including securities class action suits.

Our operating results could be materially harmed if we are unable to accurately forecast consumer demand for our products and services and adequately manage our inventory.

To ensure adequate inventory supply, we must forecast inventory needs and expenses and place orders with our suppliers and contract manufacturers sufficiently in advance based on our estimates of future demand for our products. Our ability to accurately forecast demand for our products could be affected by many factors, including an increase or decrease in customer demand for our products and services or for products and services of our competitors, product and service introductions by competitors, unanticipated changes in general market conditions, and the weakening of economic conditions or consumer confidence in future economic conditions. We may face challenges acquiring adequate and timely supplies of our products to satisfy the levels of demand, which we believe negatively affects our revenue. This risk may be exacerbated by the fact that we may not carry a significant amount of inventory, either directly or with our contract manufacturers or logistics providers, to satisfy short-term demand increases. If we fail to accurately forecast customer demand, we may experience excess inventory levels or a shortage of products available for sale.

Inventory levels in excess of customer demand may result in inventory write-downs or write-offs and the sale of excess inventory at discounted prices, which would cause our gross margin to suffer and could impair the strength of our brand. Conversely, if we underestimate customer demand for our products and services, our contract manufacturers may not be able to deliver products to meet our requirements, and this could result in damage to our brand and customer relationships and adversely affect our revenue and operating results.

Our financial performance is subject to risks associated with changes in the value of the U.S. dollar, Israeli shekel, versus local currencies.

Our primary exposure to movements in foreign currency exchange rates relates to non-U.S. dollar denominated sales and operating expenses worldwide. Weakening of foreign currencies relative to the U.S. dollar adversely affects the U.S. dollar value of our foreign currency-denominated sales and earnings, and generally leads us to raise international pricing, potentially reducing demand for our products. In some circumstances, for competitive or other reasons, we may decide not to raise local prices to fully offset the dollar’s strengthening, or at all, which would adversely affect the U.S. dollar value of our foreign currency denominated sales and earnings. Conversely, a strengthening of the Israeli shekel or foreign currencies relative to the U.S. dollar will increase our Israeli operations costs and could cause us to increase our international pricing and become less competitive.

We may not be able to sustain our revenue growth rate or profitability in the future.

Our recent revenue growth should not be considered indicative of our future performance. As we grow our business, we expect our revenue growth rates to slow in future periods due to a number of reasons, which may include increasing competition, slowing demand for our products and services, a decrease in the growth of our overall market, our failure, for any reason, to continue to capitalize on growth opportunities, or the maturation of our business.

We have not achieved profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. We expect our expenses to increase substantially in the near term, particularly as we make significant investments in our research and development and sales and marketing organizations, expand our operations and infrastructure internationally, develop new products and services, and enhance our existing products and services. In addition, in connection with operating as a public company, we will incur additional significant legal, accounting, and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. If our revenue does not increase to offset these increases in our operating expenses, we may not be profitable in future periods.

Risks Related to the Ownership of the Ordinary Shares and Warrants

Our current officers and directors and holders of more than 5% of our Ordinary Shares currently beneficially own an aggregate of approximately 18.7% of our Ordinary Shares and they will be able to exert significant control over matters submitted to our shareholders for approval.

As of March 19, 2025, our current officers and directors and holders of more than 5% of our Ordinary Shares beneficially own an aggregate of approximately 18.7% of our Ordinary Shares. Consequently, they are able to exert significant control over matters submitted to our shareholders for approval. This significant concentration of share ownership may adversely affect the trading price for our Ordinary Shares because investors often perceive disadvantages in owning shares in companies with controlling shareholders. As a result, these shareholders, if they acted together, could significantly influence or even unilaterally approve matters requiring approval by our shareholders, including the election of directors and the approval of mergers or other business combination transactions. The interests of these shareholders may not always coincide with our interests or the interests of other shareholders.

We do not know whether a market for the Ordinary Shares or Warrants will be sustained or what the trading price of the Ordinary Shares or Warrants will be and as a result it may be difficult for you to sell your securities.

Although our Ordinary Shares and Warrants are listed on Nasdaq, an active trading market for the Ordinary Shares or Warrants may not be sustained. It may be difficult for you to sell your Ordinary Shares or Warrants without depressing the market price for the Ordinary Shares or Warrants at all. As a result of these and other factors, you may not be able to sell your securities at or above the offering price or at all. Further, an inactive market may also impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities and may impair our ability to enter into strategic partnerships or acquire companies, products, or services by using our equity securities as consideration.

We have never paid cash dividends on our share capital, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

We have never declared or paid cash dividends, and we do not anticipate paying cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Therefore, you should not rely on an investment in Ordinary Shares as a source for any future dividend income. Our board of directors has complete discretion as to whether to distribute dividends. Even if our board of directors decides to declare and pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on our future results of operations and cash flow, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from our subsidiaries, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. For more information, see “Item 8.A. - Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information - Dividends.”

Management will have broad discretion as to the use of the proceeds from the potential exercise of the Warrants and from our recently completed public offering.

Our management will have broad discretion in the allocation of the net proceeds, if any, from the exercise of the Warrants and from our recently completed public offering, which closed on January 30, 2025. Our shareholders may not agree with the manner in which our management chooses to allocate and spend the net proceeds.

The Warrants are listed on Nasdaq separately from our Ordinary Shares and this may provide investors with an arbitrage opportunity that could adversely affect the trading price of our Ordinary Shares.

Because the Warrants are traded on Nasdaq, investors may be provided with an arbitrage opportunity that could depress the price of our Ordinary Shares.

We have been notified by The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC of our failure to comply with certain continued listing requirements and, if we are unable to regain compliance with all applicable continued listing requirements and standards of Nasdaq, our Ordinary Shares could be delisted from Nasdaq.

On October 24, 2023, we received a written notification from the Listing Qualifications Department of the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC notifying us that we were not in compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement because the closing bid price of our Ordinary Shares was below $1.00 per Ordinary Share for the previous 30 consecutive business days. We were granted 180 calendar days, or until April 22, 2024, to regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement. In the event we do not regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement by April 22, 2024, we may be eligible for an additional 180-calendar day grace period. On April 24, 2024, we announced that we received a letter from the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC pursuant to which Nasdaq granted us an extension until October 21, 2024, to regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement. On October 7, 2024, we effectuated a 1-for-20 reverse share split in order to regain compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2). As a result, we were informed by Nasdaq on October 28, 2024 that we had regained compliance.

On January 16, 2025, we received a written notification from Nasdaq, which stated that we were no longer in compliance with the minimum stockholders’ equity requirement for continued listing on Nasdaq, listing Nasdaq Rule 5550(b)(1), due to our failure to maintain a minimum of $2,500,000 in stockholders’ equity. In our Report of Foreign Private Issuer on Form 6-K, dated September 23, 2024, we reported stockholders’ equity of approximately $1,695,000 as of June 30, 2024. In accordance with Nasdaq rules, we submitted a plan to regain compliance. If the plan is accepted, Nasdaq can grant an extension of up to 180 calendar days from the date of the letter to evidence compliance. The notification letter has no immediate effect on our listing on Nasdaq, and during the grace period, as may be extended, our ordinary shares and warrants will continue to trade on Nasdaq under the symbol “WLDS” and “WLDSW,” respectively. Although we believe that our stockholders’ equity exceeds $2,500,000, there is no guarantee that we will regain compliance with Nasdaq rules.

A future decline in the closing price of our Ordinary Shares on Nasdaq or other factors that cause us not to meet any Nasdaq continued listing requirements could result in suspension or delisting procedures in respect of our Ordinary Shares. The commencement of suspension or delisting procedures by an exchange remains, at all times, at the discretion of such exchange and would be publicly announced by the exchange. If a suspension or delisting were to occur, there would be significantly less liquidity in the suspended or delisted securities. In addition, our ability to raise additional necessary capital through equity or debt financing would be greatly impaired. Furthermore, with respect to any suspended or delisted Ordinary Shares, we would expect decreases in institutional and other investor demand, analyst coverage, market making activity and information available concerning trading prices and volume, and fewer broker-dealers would be willing to execute trades with respect to such Ordinary Shares. A suspension or delisting would likely decrease the attractiveness of our Ordinary Shares to investors and cause the trading volume of our Ordinary Shares to decline, which could result in a further decline in the market price of our Ordinary Shares.

The Warrants are speculative in nature.

Except as otherwise set forth therein, our Warrants do not confer any rights of Ordinary Share ownership on their holders, such as voting rights, but rather merely represent the right to acquire Ordinary Shares at a fixed price for a limited period of time. Specifically, holders of the Warrants may exercise their right to acquire Ordinary Shares and pay an exercise price of $160.00 per Ordinary Share, prior to five years from the date of issuance, after which date any unexercised Warrants will expire and have no further value. There can be no assurance that the market price of our Ordinary Shares will ever equal or exceed the exercise price of the Warrants. In the event that our Ordinary Shares price does not exceed the exercise price of such Warrants during the period when such Warrants are exercisable, the Warrants may not have any value.

The JOBS Act will allow us to postpone the date by which we must comply with some of the laws and regulations intended to protect investors and to reduce the amount of information we provide in our reports filed with the SEC, which could undermine investor confidence in our company and adversely affect the market price of our securities.

For so long as we remain an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act, we intend to take advantage of certain exemptions from various requirements that are applicable to public companies that are not “emerging growth companies” including:

We intend to take advantage of some of these exemptions until we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (1) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the date of our first sale of ordinary equity securities pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act, (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion), or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our Ordinary Shares that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the prior June 30, and (2) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period.

We cannot predict if investors will find our securities less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our securities less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our securities, and our market prices may be more volatile and may decline.

As a “foreign private issuer” we are subject to less stringent disclosure requirements than domestic registrants and are permitted, and may in the future elect to follow certain home country corporate governance practices instead of otherwise applicable SEC and Nasdaq requirements, which may result in less protection than is accorded to investors under rules applicable to domestic U.S. registrants.

As a foreign private issuer and emerging growth company, we may be subject to different disclosure and other requirements than domestic U.S. registrants and non-emerging growth companies. For example, as a foreign private issuer, in the United States, we are not subject to the same disclosure requirements as a domestic U.S. registrant under the Exchange Act, including the requirements to prepare and issue quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or to file current reports on Form 8-K upon the occurrence of specified significant events, the proxy rules applicable to domestic U.S. registrants under Section 14 of the Exchange Act or the insider reporting and short-swing profit rules applicable to domestic U.S. registrants under Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we intend to rely on exemptions from certain U.S. rules which will permit us to follow Israeli legal requirements rather than certain of the requirements that are applicable to U.S. domestic registrants.

We will follow Israeli laws and regulations that are applicable to Israeli companies. However, Israeli laws and regulations applicable to Israeli companies do not contain any provisions comparable to the U.S. proxy rules, the U.S. rules relating to the filing of reports on Form 10-Q or Form 8-K or the U.S. rules relating to liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time, as referred to above.

Furthermore, foreign private issuers are required to file their annual report on Form 20-F within 120 days after the end of each fiscal year, while U.S. domestic registrants that are non-accelerated filers are required to file their annual report on Form 10-K within 90 days after the end of each fiscal year. Foreign private issuers are also exempt from Regulation Fair Disclosure, aimed at preventing issuers from making selective disclosures of material information, although we will be subject to Israeli laws and regulations having substantially the same effect as Regulation Fair Disclosure. As a result of the above, even though we are required to file reports on Form 6-K disclosing the limited information which we have made or are required to make public pursuant to Israeli law, or are required to distribute to shareholders generally, and that is material to us, you may not receive information of the same type or amount that is required to be disclosed to shareholders of a U.S. registrant.

These exemptions and leniencies will reduce the frequency and scope of information and protections to which you are entitled as an investor.

The determination of foreign private issuer status is made annually on the last business day of an issuer’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter and, accordingly, the next determination will be made with respect to us on June 30, 2025. In the future, we would lose our foreign private issuer status if a majority of our shareholders, directors or management are U.S. citizens or residents and we fail to meet additional requirements necessary to avoid loss of foreign private issuer status. The regulatory and compliance costs to us under U.S. securities laws as a U.S. domestic registrant may be significantly higher.

We may be a “passive foreign investment company,” or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes in the current taxable year or may become one in any subsequent taxable year. There generally would be negative tax consequences for U.S. taxpayers that are holders of the Ordinary Shares if we are or were to become a PFIC.

We may be considered a PFIC or become a PFIC in the future. The determination of whether we are a PFIC is made on an annual basis and will depend on the composition of our income and assets from time to time. We will be treated as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes in any taxable year in which either (1) at least 75% of our gross income is “passive income” or (2) on average at least 50% of our assets by value produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income. Passive income for this purpose generally includes, among other things, certain dividends, interest, royalties, rents and gains from commodities and securities transactions and from the sale or exchange of property that gives rise to passive income. Passive income also includes amounts derived by reason of the temporary investment of funds, including those raised in a public offering. In determining whether a non-U.S. corporation is a PFIC, a proportionate share of the income and assets of each corporation in which it owns, directly or indirectly, at least a 25% interest (by value) is taken into account. The tests for determining PFIC status are applied annually, and it is difficult to make accurate projections of future income and assets which are relevant to this determination. In addition, our PFIC status may depend in part on the market value of the Ordinary Shares. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that we currently are not or will not become a PFIC in the future. If we are a PFIC in any taxable year during which a U.S. taxpayer holds the Ordinary Shares, such U.S. taxpayer would be subject to certain adverse U.S. federal income tax rules. A U.S. taxpayer that holds our warrants is taxed in a manner similar to a U.S. taxpayer owning Ordinary Shares if such taxpayer realizes gain on the sale of the warrants. If the U.S. taxpayer holding the warrants exercises the warrants to purchase common shares, the holding period over which any income realized is allocated includes the holding period of the warrants. The U.S. warrant holder is treated as a holder of PFIC stock taxable under the ordinary income allocation and interest charge regime described above. If the U.S. taxpayer did not make an election to treat us as a “qualified electing fund”, or QEF, or make a “mark-to-market” election, then “excess distributions” to the U.S. taxpayer, and any gain realized on the sale or other disposition of the Ordinary Shares and Warrants by the U.S. taxpayer: (1) would be allocated ratably over the U.S. taxpayer’s holding period for the Ordinary Shares and Warrants; (2) the amount allocated to the current taxable year and any period prior to the first day of the first taxable year in which we were a PFIC would be taxed as ordinary income; and (3) the amount allocated to each of the other taxable years would be subject to tax at the highest rate of tax in effect for the applicable class of taxpayer for that year, and an interest charge for the deemed deferral benefit would be imposed with respect to the resulting tax attributable to each such other taxable year. In addition, if the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, determines that we are a PFIC for a year with respect to which we have determined that we were not a PFIC, it may be too late for a U.S. taxpayer to make a timely QEF or mark-to-market election. U.S. taxpayers that have held the Ordinary Shares and Warrants during a period when we were a PFIC will be subject to the foregoing rules, even if we cease to be a PFIC in subsequent years, subject to exceptions for U.S. taxpayer who made a timely QEF or mark-to-market election. A U.S. taxpayer can make a QEF election by completing the relevant portions of and filing IRS Form 8621 in accordance with the instructions thereto. We do not intend to notify U.S. taxpayers that hold the Ordinary Shares and Warrants if we believe we will be treated as a PFIC for any taxable year in order to enable U.S. taxpayers to consider whether to make a QEF election. In addition, we do not intend to furnish such U.S. taxpayers annually with information needed in order to complete IRS Form 8621 and to make and maintain a valid QEF election for any year in which we or any of our subsidiaries are a PFIC. U.S. taxpayers that hold the Ordinary Shares and Warrants are strongly urged to consult their tax advisors about the PFIC rules, including tax return filing requirements and the eligibility, manner, and consequences to them of making a QEF or mark-to-market election with respect to the Ordinary Shares and Warrants in the event that we are a PFIC. See “Item 10.E. Taxation - U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations - Passive Foreign Investment Companies” for additional information.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

We may not be able to adequately protect or enforce our intellectual property rights throughout the world, and our efforts to do so may be costly.

If we are not able to adequately protect or enforce the proprietary aspects of our technology, competitors may be able to access our proprietary technology and our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected. We currently attempt to protect our technology through a combination of patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws, unfair competition laws, employee and third party nondisclosure agreements and similar means. Despite our efforts, other parties may attempt to disclose, obtain or use our technologies or systems. Our competitors may also be able to independently develop similar products or design around our patents. In addition, the laws of some countries do not protect our proprietary rights as fully as do the laws of other countries. As a result, we may not be able to protect our proprietary rights adequately in the United States, China or abroad.

Filing, prosecuting, and defending patents on products and services, as well as monitoring their infringement in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries can be less extensive than those according to federal and state laws in the United States or laws in China. Competitors may use our technologies to develop their own products or services in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection and may export infringing products or services to territories where we have patent protection, but where patents are not enforced as strictly as they are in the United States. These products or services may compete with our products or services. Future patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.

Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in some jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents, trade secrets, and other intellectual property protection, which could make it difficult for us to stop the marketing of competing products or services in violation of our proprietary rights generally. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions, whether or not successful, could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our future patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly, put the issuance of our patent applications at risk, and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate, and any damages or other remedies that we may be awarded, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to monitor and enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.

In addition, any litigation initiated by us concerning the violation by third parties of our intellectual property rights is likely to be expensive and time-consuming and could lead to the invalidation of, or render unenforceable, our intellectual property, or could otherwise have negative consequences for us. In the future, we may be a party to claims and litigation as a result of alleged infringement by third parties of our intellectual property. Even when we sue other parties for such infringement, that suit may have adverse consequences for our business. Any such suit may be time-consuming and expensive to resolve and may divert our management’s time and attention from our business. Furthermore, such a lawsuit could result in a court or governmental agency invalidating or rendering unenforceable our patents or other intellectual property rights upon which the suit is based, which would seriously harm our business.

If we are unable to protect our domain names, our brand, business, and operating results could be adversely affected.

We have registered domain names for websites, or URLs, that we use in our business, such as wearabledevices.co.il and mudra-band.com. We have registered digital names for social media handlers, that we use in our business, such as Facebook and LinkedIn. If we are unable to maintain our rights in these domain and digital names, our competitors or other third parties could capitalize on our brand recognition by using these domain names for their own benefit. In addition, we might not be able to, or may choose not to, acquire or maintain other country-specific versions of the “Wearable Devices” or “Mudra” domain and digital names or other potentially similar URLs. The regulation of domain and digital names in the United States and elsewhere is generally conducted by Internet regulatory bodies and is subject to change. If we lose the ability to use a domain or digital name in a particular country, we may be forced to either incur significant additional expenses to market our solutions within that country, including the development of a new brand and the creation of new promotional materials, or elect not to sell our solutions in that country. Either result could substantially harm our business and operating results. Regulatory bodies could establish additional top-level domains, appoint additional domain or digital name registrars, or modify the requirements for holding domain or digital names. As a result, we may not be able to acquire or maintain the domain or digital names that utilize the name “Wearable Devices” or “Mudra” in all of the countries in which we currently conduct or intend to conduct business. Further, the relationship between regulations governing domain and digital names and laws protecting trademarks and similar proprietary rights varies among jurisdictions and is unclear in some jurisdictions. Domain and digital names similar to ours have already been registered in the United States and elsewhere, and we may be unable to prevent third parties from acquiring and using domain or digital names that infringe, are similar to, or otherwise decrease the value of, our brand or our trademarks. Protecting and enforcing our rights in our domain and digital names and determining the rights of others may require litigation, which could result in substantial costs, divert management attention, and not be decided favorably to us.

We may become subject to litigation brought by third parties claiming infringement by us of their intellectual property rights.

The industry in which our business operates is characterized by a large number of patents, some of which may be of questionable scope, validity or enforceability, and some of which may appear to overlap with other issued patents. As a result, there is a significant amount of uncertainty in the industry regarding patent protection, enforcement and infringement. In recent years, there has been significant litigation globally involving patents and other intellectual property rights. We could become subject to claims and litigation alleging infringement by us of third-party patents and other intellectual property generally. These claims and any resulting lawsuits, if resolved adversely to us, could subject us to significant liability for damages, impose temporary or permanent injunctions against our products or business operations, or invalidate or render unenforceable our intellectual property. In addition, because patent applications can take many years until the patents are issued, there currently may be pending applications of which we are unaware, which may later result in issued patents that our products may infringe. If any of our products infringes a valid and enforceable patent, or if we wish to avoid potential intellectual property litigation on any alleged infringement of such products, we may be prevented from selling, or elect not to sell, such products unless we obtain a license, which may be unavailable. Alternatively, we may be forced to pay substantial royalties or to redesign one or more of our products to avoid any infringement or allegations thereof. Additionally, we may face liability to our customers, business partners or third parties for indemnification or other remedies in the event that they are sued for infringement in connection with their use of our products.

We also may not be successful in any attempt to redesign our products to avoid any alleged infringement. A successful claim of infringement against us, or our failure or inability to develop and implement non-infringing technology, or license the infringed technology, on acceptable terms and on a timely basis, could materially adversely affect our business and results of operations. Furthermore, such lawsuits, regardless of their success, would likely be time-consuming and expensive to resolve and would divert management’s time and attention from our business, which could seriously harm our business. Also, such lawsuits, regardless of their success, could seriously harm our reputation with our consumer electronics customers and in the industry at large.

Our use of “open source” software could negatively affect our ability to sell our products and subject us to possible litigation.

A portion of the technologies we use incorporates “open source” software, and we may incorporate open source software in the future. Such open source software is generally licensed by its authors or other third parties under open source licenses. These licenses may subject us to certain unfavorable conditions, including requirements that we offer our products and services that incorporate the open source software for no cost, that we make publicly available source code for modifications or derivative works we create based upon, incorporating, or using the open source software, or that we license such modifications or derivative works under the terms of the particular open source license, or limitations on intellectual property protection and enforcement. Additionally, if a third-party software provider has incorporated open source software into software that we license from such provider, we could be required to disclose or provide at no cost any of our source code that incorporates or is a modification of such licensed software. If an author or other third party that distributes open source software that we use or license were to allege that we had not complied with the conditions of the applicable license, we could be required to incur significant legal expenses defending against such allegations and could be subject to significant damages and enjoined from the sale of our products and services that contained the open source software. Any of the foregoing could disrupt the distribution and sale of our products and services and harm our business.

Patent policy and rule changes could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of any issued patents.

Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of any patents that may issue from our patent applications or narrow the scope of our patent protection. The laws of foreign countries may not protect our rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. Publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all. We therefore cannot be certain that we were the first to file the invention claimed in our owned and licensed patent or pending applications, or that we or our licensor were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions. Assuming all other requirements for patentability are met, in the United States prior to March 15, 2013, the first to make the claimed invention without undue delay in filing, is entitled to the patent, while generally outside the United States, the first to file a patent application is entitled to the patent. After March 15, 2013, under the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the Leahy-Smith Act, enacted on September 16, 2011, the United States has moved to a first to file system. The Leahy-Smith Act also includes a number of significant changes that affect the way patent applications will be prosecuted and may also affect patent litigation. In general, the Leahy-Smith Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of any issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship of our intellectual property.

We may be subject to claims that former employees, collaborators or other third parties have an interest in, or right to compensation, with respect to our current patent and patent applications, future patents or other intellectual property as an inventor or co-inventor. For example, we may have inventorship disputes arise from conflicting obligations of consultants or others who are involved in developing our products or services. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging inventorship or claiming the right to compensation. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights, such as exclusive ownership of, or right to use, valuable intellectual property. Such an outcome could have a material adverse effect on our business. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.

Risks Related to Operations in Israel

We conduct our operations in Israel. Conditions in Israel, including conditions affected by the recent attack by Hamas and other terrorist organizations and Israel’s war against them, may affect our operations.

Our offices are located in Yokne’am Illit, Israel, thus, political, economic, and military conditions in Israel may directly affect our business. On October 7, 2023, Hamas terrorists infiltrated Israel’s southern border from the Gaza Strip and conducted a series of attacks on civilian and military targets. Hamas also launched extensive rocket attacks on the Israeli population and industrial centers located along Israel’s border with the Gaza Strip and in other areas within the State of Israel. Following the attack, Israel’s security cabinet declared war against Hamas and the Israeli military began to call-up reservists for active duty. As of March 18, 2025, the ceasefire that had been in place since January 2025 has ended, and hostilities have resumed. The continuation of the conflict has led to heightened security concerns, potential disruptions to business operations, and economic instability. There remains significant uncertainty regarding the duration and escalation of the conflict, and further military actions, restrictions, or government-imposed measures could adversely affect our operations, supply chains, and financial condition.

Following the attack by Hamas on Israel’s southern border, Hezbollah, a terrorist organization in Lebanon, has also launched missile, rocket, and shooting attacks against Israeli military sites, troops, and Israeli towns in northern Israel. In response to these attacks, the Israeli army has carried out a number of targeted strikes on sites belonging to Hezbollah in southern Lebanon, and in October 2024, the Israeli military initiated a ground operation in Lebanon, primarily near the Israel-Lebanon border. As of the end of November 2024, Israel entered into a ceasefire agreement with Hezbollah, but there are no guarantees as to whether the agreement will hold or whether further hostilities will resume.

In April and October 2024, Iran launched missile and unmanned aerial vehicle, or UAV, attacks on Israel. Most of the missiles and UAVs were intercepted by Israel’s defense systems, with support from the United States and other countries, including regional allies, preventing significant damage and resulting in no casualties. Despite the successful interceptions, the attacks posed an elevated threat to Israel’s security. In response to the Iranian attack in April 2024, Israel conducted targeted military strikes against Iranian military assets in Syria, aiming to degrade Iran’s operational capabilities in the region and deliver a strong deterrent message. On April 19, 2024, the air force base in Esfahan, Iran, and the A-T’ala airport in the A-Sweida area of southern Syria were attacked, with these strikes attributed to Israel.

In December 2024, Ba’athist Syria, led by President Bashar al-Assad, collapsed during a major offensive by opposition forces made up of several competing rebel groups. In response, the Israeli Defense Forces took control over a United Nations-designated buffer zone over Mount Hermon that separated Israel and Syria. Simultaneously, Israel conducted targeted military strikes against military assets in Syria, aiming to eliminate any chemical weapons storage sites that could be used by rebel groups and further weaken Iran’s operational capabilities in the region. While the transitional government of Syria has indicated that it is interested in reconstruction and stability rather than a continuation of conflicts with Israel, there are no guarantees that there is no future escalation of hostilities or that Syria will permit other neighboring countries to launch attacks at Israel from its territory.

It is possible that other terrorist organizations, including Palestinian military organizations in the West Bank, as well as other hostile countries, will join the hostilities. Additionally, Iran may continue its direct aggression against Israel. Such hostilities may include terror and missile attacks. Any hostilities involving Israel, or the interruption or curtailment of trade between Israel and its trading partners could adversely affect our operations and results of operations.

As of today, these events have had no material impact on the Company’s operations. According to the recent guidelines of the Israeli government, the Company’s offices are open and functioning as usual. However, if the war escalates and expands to the Northern border with Lebanon, the Israeli government potentially will impose additional restrictions on movement and travel, and our management and employees’ ability to effectively perform their daily tasks might be temporarily disrupted, which may result in delays in some of our projects.

The Company currently has the supply of materials needed for its regular operations. While there may be some possible delays in supply, those are currently not anticipated to be material to the Company’s operations. However, if the war continues for a significant amount of time, this situation may change.

Any hostilities involving Israel, terrorist activities, political instability or violence in the region, or the interruption or curtailment of trade or transport among Israel and its trading partners could make it more difficult for us to raise capital, if needed in the future, and adversely affect our operations and results of operations and the market price of our Ordinary Shares. Moreover, we cannot predict how this war will ultimately affect Israel’s economy in general, which may involve a downgrade in Israel’s credit rating by rating agencies (such as the second downgrade by Moody’s of its credit rating of Israel from A2 to Baa1 in September 2024).

Our commercial insurance does not cover losses that may occur as a result of an event associated with the security situation in the Middle East. Although the Israeli government is currently committed to covering the reinstatement value of direct damages that are caused by terrorist attacks or acts of war, we cannot assure you that this government coverage will be maintained or, if maintained, will be sufficient to compensate us fully for damages incurred. Any losses or damages incurred by us could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Further, many Israeli citizens are obligated to perform several days, and in some cases, more, of annual military reserve duty each year until they reach the age of 40 (or older for certain reservists) and, in the event of a military conflict, may be called to active duty. In response to the series of attacks on civilian and military targets in October 2023, there have been significant call-ups of military reservists. Currently, none of the Company’s employees are in military reserve service. However, if the number of reservists in our Company increases and becomes significant, our operations could be disrupted by such call-ups.

Any armed conflicts, terrorist activities or political instability in the region could adversely affect business conditions, could harm our results of operations and the market price of our Ordinary Shares, and could make it more difficult for us to raise capital. Parties with whom we do business may sometimes decline to travel to Israel during periods of heightened unrest or tension, forcing us to make alternative arrangements when necessary, in order to meet our business partners face to face.

The intensity and duration of Israel’s current war against Hamas is difficult to predict at this stage, as are such war’s economic implications on the Company’s business and operations and on Israel’s economy in general. However, if the war extends for a long period of time or expands to other fronts, such as Lebanon, Syria and the West Bank, our operations may be harmed.

It is currently not possible to predict the duration or severity of the ongoing conflict or its effects on our business, operations and financial condition. The ongoing conflict is rapidly evolving and developing, and could disrupt our business and operations, and adversely affect our ability to raise additional funds or sell our securities, among other impacts.

We may be required to pay monetary remuneration to our Israeli employees for their inventions, even if the rights to such inventions have been duly assigned to us.

We enter into agreements with our Israeli employees pursuant to which such individuals agree that any inventions created in the scope of their employment are either owned exclusively by us or are assigned to us, depending on the jurisdiction, without the employee retaining any rights. A portion of our intellectual property has been developed by our Israeli employees during their employment for us. Under the Israeli Patent Law, 5727-1967, or the Patent Law, inventions conceived by an employee during the course of his or her employment and within the scope of said employment are considered “service inventions”. Service inventions belong to the employer by default, absent a specific agreement between the employee and employer otherwise. The Patent Law also provides that if there is no agreement regarding the remuneration for the service inventions, even if the ownership rights were assigned to the employer, the Israeli Compensation and Royalties Committee, or the Committee, a body constituted under the Patent Law, shall determine whether the employee is entitled to remuneration for these inventions. The Committee has not yet determined the method for calculating this Committee-enforced remuneration. While it has previously been held that an employee may waive his or her rights to remuneration in writing, orally or by conduct, litigation is pending in the Israeli labor court is questioning whether such waiver under an employment agreement is enforceable. Although our Israeli employees have agreed that we exclusively own any rights related to their inventions, we may face claims demanding remuneration in consideration for employees’ service inventions. As a result, we could be required to pay additional remuneration or royalties to our current and/or former employees, or be forced to litigate such claims, which could negatively affect our business.

We received Israeli government grants for certain of our research and development activities, the terms of which may require us to pay royalties and to satisfy specified conditions in order to manufacture products and transfer technologies outside of Israel. If we fail to satisfy these conditions, we may be required to pay penalties and refund grants previously received.

Our research and development efforts have been financed in part through royalty-bearing and non-royalty-bearing grants in an aggregate principal amount of approximately $2.4 million that we accrued or received from the Israeli Innovation Authority, or the IIA as of December 31, 2024. With respect to the royalty-bearing grants we are committed to pay royalties at a rate of 3.0%-3.5% on sales proceeds from our products that were developed under IIA programs up to the total amount of grants received, linked to the U.S. dollar and bearing interest at an annual rate of SOFR applicable to U.S. dollar deposits. Until October 25, 2023, the interest was calculated at a rate based on 12-month LIBOR applicable to US Dollar deposits. However, on October 25, 2023, the IIA published a directive concerning changes in royalties to address the expiration of the LIBOR. Under such directive, regarding IIA grants approved by the IIA prior to January 1, 2024 but which are outstanding thereafter, as of January 1, 2024 the annual interest is calculated at a rate based on 12-month Secured Overnight Financing Rate, or SOFR, or at an alternative rate published by the Bank of Israel plus 0.71513%; and, for grants approved on or following January 1, 2024 the annual interest shall be the higher of (i) the 12 months SOFR interest rate, plus 1%, or (ii) a fixed annual interest rate of 4%. As of December 31, 2024, our contingent liabilities regarding IIA grants accrued or received by us were in an aggregate principal amount of approximately $2.4 million plus SOFR interest. The terms of the grants under the of the Israeli Encouragement of Industrial Research, Development and Technological Innovation Law, 5744-1984, as amended, and related regulations, or the Research Law, and the related IIA rules and regulations, require that the manufacturing of products resulting from IIA-funded programs be carried out in Israel, unless a prior written approval of the IIA is obtained. In December 2022, we received an approval from the IIA to transfer some of our manufacturing activities abroad.

As a condition for obtaining approval to manufacture outside of Israel (or following a declaration that up to 10% of the production is transferred abroad), we would be required to pay increased royalties, which usually amount to 1% in addition to the standard royalties rate 3%-3.5%, and also the total amount of our liability to IIA may be increased to between 100% and 150% of the grants we received from IIA, depending on the manufacturing volume that is performed outside of Israel (less royalties already paid to IIA).

We are further required to comply with the requirements of the Research Law with respect to those past grants. When a company develops know-how, technology or products using IIA grants, the terms of these grants and the Research Law restrict the transfer or license of such know-how, and the transfer of manufacturing or manufacturing rights of such products, technologies or know-how outside of Israel, without the prior approval of the IIA. Our obligations in regard to know-how, technology or products that may be subject to these restrictions are not to transfer to anyone the information, rights thereon and production rights to be derived from the research and development, in whole or part, of our Mudra Inspire product and our Mudra Band product, without the IIA Research Committee approval. Therefore, the discretionary approval of an IIA committee would be required for any transfer or license to third parties inside or outside of Israel of know how or for the transfer outside of Israel of manufacturing or manufacturing rights related to those aspects of such technologies. We may not receive those approvals. Furthermore, the IIA may impose certain conditions on any arrangement under which it permits us to transfer technology or development.

The transfer or license of IIA-supported technology or know-how outside of Israel and the transfer of manufacturing of IIA-supported products, technology or know-how outside of Israel may involve the payment of significant amounts, depending upon the value of the transferred or licensed technology or know-how, our research and development expenses, the amount of IIA support, the time of completion of the IIA-supported research project and other factors. These restrictions and requirements for payment may impair our ability to sell, license or otherwise transfer our technology assets outside of Israel or to outsource or transfer development or manufacturing activities with respect to any product or technology outside of Israel. Furthermore, the consideration available to our shareholders in a transaction involving the transfer outside of Israel of technology or know-how developed with IIA funding (such as a merger or similar transaction) may be reduced by any amounts that we are required to pay to the IIA.

We may not be able to enforce covenants not-to-compete under current Israeli law that might result in added competition for our products.

We have non-competition agreements with all of our employees, all of which are governed by Israeli law. These agreements prohibit our employees from competing with or working for our competitors, generally during their employment and for up to 12 months after termination of their employment. However, Israeli courts are reluctant to enforce non-compete undertakings of former employees and tend to enforce those provisions for relatively brief periods of time in restricted geographical areas, if at all, and only when the employee has provided unique value to the employer specific to that employer’s business and not just regarding the professional development of the employee. If we are not able to enforce non-compete covenants, we may be faced with added competition.

Provisions of Israeli law may delay, prevent or otherwise impede a merger with, or an acquisition of, us, which could prevent a change of control, even when the terms of such a transaction are favorable to us and our shareholders.

Israeli corporate law regulates mergers, requires tender offers for acquisitions of shares above specified thresholds, requires special approvals for transactions involving directors, officers or significant shareholders and regulates other matters that may be relevant to such types of transactions. For example, a merger may not be consummated unless at least 50 days have passed from the date on which a merger proposal is filed by each merging company with the Israel Registrar of Companies and at least 30 days have passed from the date on which the shareholders of both merging companies have approved the merger. In addition, a majority of each class of securities of the target company must approve a merger. Moreover, a tender offer for all of a company’s issued and outstanding shares can only be completed if the acquirer receives positive responses from the holders of at least 95% of the issued share capital. Completion of the tender offer also requires approval of a majority of the offerees that do not have a personal interest in the tender offer, unless, following consummation of the tender offer, the acquirer would hold at least 98% of the Company’s outstanding shares. Furthermore, the shareholders, including those who indicated their acceptance of the tender offer, may, at any time within six months following the completion of the tender offer, claim that the consideration for the acquisition of the shares does not reflect their fair market value, and petition an Israeli court to alter the consideration for the acquisition accordingly, unless the acquirer stipulated in its tender offer that a shareholder that accepts the offer may not seek such appraisal rights, and the acquirer or the company published all required information with respect to the tender offer prior to the tender offer’s response date.

Furthermore, Israeli tax considerations may make potential transactions unappealing to us or to our shareholders whose country of residence does not have a tax treaty with Israel exempting such shareholders from Israeli tax. For example, Israeli tax law does not recognize tax-free share exchanges to the same extent as U.S. tax law. With respect to mergers, Israeli tax law allows for tax deferral in certain circumstances but makes the deferral contingent on the fulfillment of a number of conditions, including, in some cases, a holding period of two years from the date of the transaction during which sales and dispositions of shares of the participating companies are subject to certain restrictions. Moreover, with respect to certain share swap transactions, the tax deferral is limited in time, and when such time expires, the tax becomes payable even if no disposition of the shares has occurred. These provisions could delay, prevent or impede an acquisition of us or our merger with another company, even if such an acquisition or merger would be beneficial to us or to our shareholders.

It may be difficult to enforce a judgment of a U.S. court against us and our executive officers and directors in Israel or the United States, to assert U.S. securities laws claims in Israel or to serve process on our executive officers and directors and these experts.

We were incorporated in Israel. Most of our executive officers and directors reside outside of the United States, and all of our assets and most of the assets of these persons are located outside of the United States. Therefore, a judgment obtained against us, or any of these persons, including a judgment based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws, may not be collectible in the United States and may not be enforced by an Israeli court. It also may be difficult for you to effect service of process on these persons in the United States or to assert U.S. securities law claims in original actions instituted in Israel. Additionally, it may be difficult for an investor, or any other person or entity, to initiate an action with respect to U.S. securities laws in Israel. Israeli courts may refuse to hear a claim based on an alleged violation of U.S. securities laws reasoning that Israel is not the most appropriate forum in which to bring such a claim. In addition, even if an Israeli court agrees to hear a claim, it may determine that Israeli law and not U.S. law is applicable to the claim. If U.S. law is found to be applicable, the content of applicable U.S. law must be proven as a fact by expert witnesses, which can be a time consuming and costly process. Certain matters of procedure will also be governed by Israeli law. There is little binding case law in Israel that addresses the matters described above. As a result of the difficulty associated with enforcing a judgment against us in Israel, you may not be able to collect any damages awarded by either a U.S. or foreign court.

Our amended and restated articles of association may be deemed to have an anti-takeover effect.

Certain provisions of our amended and restated articles of association may make a change in control of us more difficult to effect. Our amended and restated articles of association will provide for a staggered board of directors consisting of three classes of directors. Directors of each class are chosen for three-year terms upon the expiration of their current terms and each year one class of our directors will be elected by our shareholders. This classified board provision could have the effect of making the replacement of incumbent directors more time consuming and difficult. At least two annual meetings of shareholders, instead of one, will generally be required to effect a change in a majority of our board of directors. Thus, the classified board provision could increase the likelihood that incumbent directors will retain their positions. The staggered terms of directors may delay, defer or prevent an attempt to change control of us, even though a change in control might be considered by our shareholders to be in their best interest.

Your rights and responsibilities as a shareholder will be governed in key respects by Israeli laws, which differs in some material respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders of U.S. companies.

The rights and responsibilities of the holders of our Ordinary Shares are governed by our amended and restated articles of association and by Israeli law. These rights and responsibilities differ in some material respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders in U.S. companies. In particular, a shareholder of an Israeli company has a duty to act in good faith and in a customary manner in exercising its rights and performing its obligations towards the company and other shareholders, and to refrain from abusing its power in such company, including, among other things, in voting at a general meeting of shareholders on matters such as amendments to a company’s amended and restated articles of association, increases in a company’s authorized share capital, mergers and acquisitions and related party transactions requiring shareholder approval, as well as a general duty to refrain from discriminating against other shareholders. In addition, a shareholder who is aware that it possesses the power to determine the outcome of a vote at a meeting of the shareholders or to appoint or prevent the appointment of a director or executive officer in the company has a duty of fairness toward the company. However, Israeli law does not define the substance of this duty of fairness. There is limited case law available to assist us in understanding the nature of these duties or the implications of these provisions. These provisions may be interpreted to impose additional obligations and liabilities on holders of our Ordinary Shares that are not typically imposed on shareholders of U.S. companies (see “Description of Share Capital - Provisions Restricting Change in Control of Our Company” for additional information).

General Risk Factors

We incur significant costs as a result of our being a public company. Our management is required to devote substantial time to compliance with ongoing SEC and Nasdaq requirements.

As a public company in the United States, we incur significant accounting, legal and other expenses. We also incur costs associated with corporate governance requirements of the SEC, and incur costs in connection with the requirements under Section 404 and other provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. These rules and regulations have increased our legal and financial compliance costs, introduce new costs such as investor relations, stock exchange listing fees and shareholder reporting, and make some activities more time consuming and costly. The maintenance and testing of such processes and systems may require us to hire outside consultants and incur other significant costs. Any future changes in the laws and regulations affecting public companies in the United States, including Section 404 and other provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and the rules and regulations adopted by the SEC, for so long as they apply to us, will result in increased costs to us as we respond to such changes. These laws, rules and regulations could make it more difficult or more costly for us to obtain certain types of insurance, including director and officer liability insurance, and we may be forced to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. The impact of these requirements could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors, our board committees, or as executive officers.

If we engage in future merger and acquisition activities or strategic partnerships, this could require significant management attention, may increase our capital requirements, dilute our shareholders, cause us to incur debt or assume contingent liabilities, and subject us to other risks.

As part of our business strategy, we may make investments in other companies, products, or technologies. We may not be able to find suitable acquisition candidates and we may not be able to complete acquisitions on favorable terms, if at all. If we do complete acquisitions, we may not ultimately strengthen our competitive position or achieve our goals, and any acquisitions we complete could be viewed negatively by users or investors. In addition, if we fail to successfully integrate such acquisitions, or the technologies associated with such acquisitions, into our company, the revenue and operating results of the combined company could be adversely affected.

Additionally, we may evaluate various strategic partnerships, including licensing or acquiring complementary products, intellectual property rights, technologies or businesses. Any potential acquisition or strategic partnership may entail numerous risks, including:

We are subject to risks associated with doing business globally.

Our operations are subject to risks inherent in conducting business globally and under the laws, regulations and customs of various jurisdictions and geographies. In addition to risks related to currency exchange rates, these risks include changes in exchange controls, changes in taxation, importation limitations, export control restrictions, changes in or violations of applicable laws, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the U.K. Bribery Act of 2010, economic and political instability, disputes between countries, diminished or insufficient protection of intellectual property, and disruption or destruction of operations in a significant geographic region regardless of cause, including war, terrorism, riot, civil insurrection or social unrest. Failure to comply with, or material changes to, the laws and regulations that affect our global operations could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our operating margins may decline as a result of increasing product costs.

Our business is subject to significant pressure on pricing and costs caused by many factors, including intense competition, the cost of components used in our products, labor costs, constrained sourcing capacity, inflationary pressure, pressure from users to reduce the prices we charge for our products and services, and changes in consumer demand. Costs for the raw materials used in the manufacture of our products are affected by, among other things, energy prices, consumer demand, fluctuations in commodity prices and currency, global pandemic slowing down manufacturing capacity, and other factors that are generally unpredictable and beyond our control. Increases in the cost of raw materials used to manufacture our products or in the cost of labor and other costs of doing business in the United States and internationally could have an adverse effect on, among other things, the cost of our products, gross margins, operating results, financial condition, and cash flows.

Sales of a significant number of shares of our Ordinary Shares in the public markets or significant short sales of our Ordinary Shares, or the perception that such sales could occur, could depress the market price of our Ordinary Shares and impair our ability to raise capital.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our Ordinary Shares or other equity-related securities in the public markets, could depress the market price of our Ordinary Shares. For example, in January 2025, we issued 345,000 Ordinary Shares in a public offering. If there are significant short sales of our Ordinary Shares, the price decline that could result from this activity may cause the share price to decline more so, which, in turn, may cause long holders of the Ordinary Shares to sell their shares, thereby contributing to sales of Ordinary Shares in the market. Such sales also may impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities in the future at a time and price that our management deems acceptable, if at all.

The market price of our Ordinary Shares and Warrants may be highly volatile, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

The market price of our Ordinary Shares and Warrants is likely to be volatile. This volatility may prevent you from being able to sell your securities at or above the price you paid for your securities. The market price of our Ordinary Shares and Warrants may fluctuate significantly in response to numerous factors, some of which are beyond our control, which include:

In addition, the stock market in general has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. Broad market and industry factors may negatively affect the market price of our securities, regardless of our actual operating performance, and we have little or no control over these factors.

We may be subject to securities litigation, which is expensive and could divert management attention.

In the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Litigation of this type could result in substantial costs and diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could seriously hurt our business. Any adverse determination in litigation could also subject us to significant liabilities.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish or cease publishing research or reports about us, our business or our market, or if they adversely change their recommendations or publish negative reports regarding our business or the Ordinary Shares, our share price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for the Ordinary Shares and/or Warrants will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts may publish about us, our business, our market or our competitors. We do not have any control over these analysts and we cannot provide any assurance that analysts will cover us or provide favorable coverage. If any of the analysts who may cover us adversely change their recommendation regarding the Ordinary Shares, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, the price of our Ordinary Shares and/or Warrants would likely decline. If any analyst who may cover us were to cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause the price of our Ordinary Shares or trading volume to decline.

Our internal control over financial reporting currently meets all of the standards contemplated by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, but failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act could have a material adverse effect on our business, our operating results, investor confidence in our reported financial information, and the market price of our ordinary shares.

We have established formal policies, processes and practices related to our internal control over financial reporting and to identify key financial reporting risks, including an assessment of the potential impact and linkage of those risks to specific areas and activities within our organization, in order to satisfy the requirements of Section 404 (a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which requires an annual management assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.

We are required to comply with the requirements of Sections 302 and 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which require our management to certify financial and other information in our annual reports and require that we provide an annual management report on the effectiveness of control over financial reporting. Additionally, while we remain an emerging growth company, we will not be required to include an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. To achieve compliance with Section 404 within the prescribed period, we engaged in a process to document and evaluate our internal control over financial reporting. In this regard, we will need to continue to dedicate internal resources, potentially engage outside consultants and adopt a detailed work plan to assess and document the adequacy of internal control over financial reporting, continue steps to improve control processes as appropriate, validate through testing that controls are functioning as documented and implement a continuous reporting and improvement process for internal control over financial reporting. We believe we are in compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act as of the date of March 19, 2025.

If we are not able to continue to implement and document the necessary policies, processes and controls to mitigate financial reporting risks, we may not be able to comply with the requirements of Sections 404(a) in a timely manner or with adequate compliance. Matters impacting our internal controls may cause us to be unable to report our financial information on a timely basis and thereby subject us to adverse regulatory consequences, including sanctions by the SEC or violations of applicable stock exchange listing rules. There could also be a negative reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of investor confidence in our company and the reliability of our financial statements. Confidence in the reliability of our financial statements could also suffer if we were to report a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. This could materially adversely affect us and lead to a decline in the price of our securities.

Our efforts to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, governing internal control and procedures for financial reporting have resulted in increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management time and attention, and we expect these efforts to require the continued commitment of significant resources. We may identify material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our assessments of our internal control over financial reporting. Failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in investigations or sanctions by regulatory authorities, and could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, investor confidence in our reported financial information, and the market price of our ordinary shares.

Our amended and restated articles of association provide that, unless we consent to an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States shall be the exclusive forum for resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act, which could limit our shareholders’ ability to choose the judicial forum for disputes with us, our directors, shareholders, or other employees.

Our amended and restated articles of association provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States shall be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for U.S. federal and state courts over all such Securities Act actions. Accordingly, both U.S. state and federal courts have jurisdiction to entertain such claims. To prevent having to litigate claims in multiple jurisdictions and the threat of inconsistent or contrary rulings by different courts, among other considerations, our amended and restated articles of association provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States shall be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. This exclusive forum provision will not apply to suits brought to enforce any liability or duty created by the Exchange Act, and our shareholders cannot and will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act as a result of our exclusive forum provision.

Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in any of our securities shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to the foregoing provision of our amended and restated articles of association. However, the enforceability of similar forum provisions (including exclusive federal forum provisions for actions, suits, or proceedings asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act) in other companies’ organizational documents has been challenged in legal proceedings, and there is uncertainty as to whether courts would enforce the exclusive forum provision in our amended and restated articles of association. If a court were to find the exclusive forum provision contained in our amended and restated articles of association to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Although we believe the exclusive forum provision benefits us by providing increased consistency in the application of U.S. federal securities laws, the Israeli Companies Law 5759-1999, or together with applicable regulations promulgated thereunder the Companies Law, or New York law, as applicable, in the types of lawsuits to which they apply, such exclusive forum provision may limit a shareholder’s ability to bring a claim in the judicial forum that they find favorable and may increase certain litigation costs for disputes with us or any of our directors, shareholders, officers, or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims against us and our current and former directors, shareholders, officers, or other employees.

We may be subject to liability claims if we breach our contracts, and our insurance may be inadequate to cover our losses.

We are subject to numerous obligations in our contracts with organizations and our partners. Despite the procedures, systems and internal controls we have implemented to comply with our contracts, we may breach these commitments, whether through a weakness in these procedures, systems and internal controls, negligence or the willful act of an employee or contractor. Our insurance policies may be inadequate to compensate us for the potentially significant losses that may result from claims arising from breaches of our contracts, disruptions in our services, failures or disruptions to our infrastructure, catastrophic events, and disasters or otherwise. Further, our insurance may not cover all claims made against us and defending a suit, regardless of its merit, could be costly and divert management’s attention. In addition, such insurance may not be available to us in the future on economically reasonable terms, or at all. 

ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

A. History and Development of the Company

We were incorporated in 2014 in Israel. Our Ordinary Shares and Warrants are currently listed for trading on the Capital Market under the symbols “WLDS” and “WLDSW”, respectively. We are a growth company developing a non-invasive neural input interface in the form of a wearable wristband band for controlling digital devices using subtle touchless finger movements.

Our principal executive offices are located at 5 Ha-Tnufa St., Yokne’am Illit, 2066736 Israel. Our telephone number in Israel is 972.4.6185670. Our website address is www.wearabledevices.co.il. The information contained on our website or available through our website is not incorporated by reference into and should not be considered a part of this annual report on Form 20-F, and the reference to our website in this annual report on Form 20-F is an inactive textual reference only. Mudra Wearable, Inc. is our agent in the United States and its address is 24A Trolley Square #2203, Wilmington, DE 19806.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, as modified by the JOBS Act. As such, we are eligible to, and intend to, take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies” such as not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We could remain an “emerging growth company” for up to five years, or until the earliest of (a) the last day of the first fiscal year in which our annual gross revenues exceeds $1.235 billion, (b) the date that we become a “large accelerated filer” as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, which would occur if the market value of our Ordinary Shares that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter, or (c) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in nonconvertible debt during the preceding three-year period.

We are a foreign private issuer as defined by the rules under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act. Our status as a foreign private issuer also exempts us from compliance with certain laws and regulations of the SEC and certain regulations of the Nasdaq Stock Market, including the proxy rules, the short-swing profits recapture rules, and certain governance requirements such as independent director oversight of the nomination of directors and executive compensation. In addition, we are not required to file annual, quarterly and current reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. domestic companies registered under the Exchange Act.

The SEC maintains an internet site, http://www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. Our internet address is www.mudra-band.com. The information on that website is not part of this Annual Report and is not incorporated by reference herein.

B. Business Overview

We are a growth company developing a non-invasive neural input interface in the form of a wearable wristband for controlling digital devices using subtle finger gestures and hand movements. Since our technology was introduced to the market in 2014, we have been working with both B2B and B2C customers as part of our push-pull strategy. We are now in the transition phase from research and development to commercialization of our technology into B2B products. At the same time, starting in December 2023, we have commenced shipment of the Mudra Band, our first B2C consumer product, and aftermarket accessory band for Apple Watch that enables gesture control across Apple ecosystem devices such as iPhone, Mac computer, Apple TV, and iPad, inter alia. In September 2024, we launched the Mudra Link, a universal gesture control wearable wristband. The Mudra Link is open for orders and we have started shipping the Mudra Link to customers in the first quarter of 2025.

Our vision is to create a world in which the user’s hand becomes a universal input device to touchlessly interacting with technology. We believe that our technology is setting the standard input interface for the Metaverse. We intend to transform interaction and control of digital devices to be as natural and intuitive as real-life experiences. We imagine a future in which humans can share skills, thoughts, emotions, and movements with each other and with a bi-directional connection with computers, using wearable interfaces and devices. We believe that neural-based interfaces will become as ubiquitous to interact with wearable computing and digital devices in the near future as the touchscreen is a universal input method for smartphones.

Combining our own proprietary sensors and AI algorithms into a stylish wristband, our Mudra platform enables users to control digital devices through subtle finger movements and hand gestures, without physical touch or contact. These digital devices include consumer electronics, smart watches, smartphones, augmented reality, or AR, glasses, virtual reality, or VR, headsets, televisions, personal computers and laptop computers, drones, robots, etc.

The Mudra Inspire, our B2B development kit product, started selling to B2B customers in 2018 as the first point of business engagement and contributed to our early-stage revenues. At CES 2024, the Mudra Band for Apple Watch, our flagship B2C product was included in the “Best of CES 2024” products list by SlashGear. At CES 2025, the Mudra Link, our gesture control stand-alone wristband for all Bluetooth compatible devices won the CES 2025 Honoree Award in XR Technologies & Accessories.

In 2024 and 2023, we had revenues of $522 thousand and $82 thousand, respectively, and comprehensive and net loss of $7.9 million and $7.8 million, respectively.

Over 100 companies have purchased our Mudra Inspire, 30 of which are multinational technology companies. These companies are exploring various input and control use-cases for their products, ranging over multiple countries and industry sectors, including consumer electronics manufacturers, consumer electronics brands, electronic components manufacturers, IT services and software development companies, industrial companies, and utility providers. Our objective with these companies is to commercialize the Mudra technology by licensing it for integration in the hardware and software of these companies’ products and services. We estimate that there will be a three-to-five-year period from the time we are first introduced to a customer to signing a licensing agreement. As of March 19, 2025, we have not signed a license agreement with any of these companies.

In addition to consumer electronics, we have recently expanded our brand to include neurotech and brain-computer interface sensors, with additional verticals that include Industry 4.0 – a new phase in the Industrial Revolution that focuses on interconnectivity, automation, machine learning, and real-time data, digital health, sport analytics, and more.

The core of our platform is Mudra, which means “gesture” in Sanskrit. The Mudra technology, our SNC sensors, and the wristband tracks neural signals on the user’s wrist skin surface, which our algorithms decipher to predict as gestures made by finger and hand movements. The interface binds each gesture with a specific digital function, allowing users to input commands without physical touch or contact. Mudra gestures are natural to perform, and gestures can be tailored per a user’s intent, desired function, and the controlled digital device. Mudra can detect multiple gesture types, including hand movements, finger movements, and fingertip pressure gradations. In addition to the control use-case, the Mudra technology can be utilized in multiple monitoring use-cases where we can monitor neural and hand movements for digital health purposes, sport analytics performance, and Industry 4.0 solutions.

Figure 1: Our Mudra Platform

Figure 1 above displays the appearance and major features of our current products: the Mudra Band for Apple Watch and the Mudra Link. Our gestures are discrete or continuous hand and finger movements, deciphered from neural signals at the wrist. Our interface can control multiple digital devices using a single interface. In addition to consumer electronics, we have recently expanded our brand to include neurotech and brain/computer interface monitoring, with additional verticals including Industry 4.0, digital health, sport analytics, and more.

Our Strengths

We believe that our strengths include:

Industry Overview and Market Opportunity

Total Addressable Market

Every digital device - whether worn on the body, placed on a desk, held in the hands, or hung on a wall - requires an interface. The Total Addressable Market, or TAM, of digital devices that we are targeting can be categorized into three segments: wearable computers, face computers (for example, AR glasses, MR products, VR headsets) and home digital devices. We view Mudra as an all-encompassing input, operation, and control interface for all digital devices, connecting the physical world with digital devices using subtle finger movements and gestures.

The basic pillars of Human-Computer Interface, or HCI, input are text, navigation, and digital element interaction. The most common interface solutions include the keyboards and mice for PCs. Additional common interfaces are the touchscreens for mobile phones and tablet computers, handheld controllers for televisions, game consoles, VR headsets, and temple area touchpads and/or gesture cameras for AR glasses. Voice assistants are now commonly used with smart home devices.

The pace of technology advancements has always been dictated by user interfaces. With the future of computers tilting increasingly toward wearable devices, especially as smartwatches and smart glasses enter the market, HCI methods for wearable computing will need to be reinvented as well. We believe that the industry’s foreseeable future is based on wearable computers for different body parts, instead of computers that are restricted to lying on a desk.

The industry of digital computers peripherals and input devices has evolved dramatically in the past 70 years. It started in the 1950s with punch-cards as the major input method. Punch-cards were replaced by the QWERTY keyboard to input text and for two-dimensional navigation starting in the 1960s. The computer mouse, which allowed users to navigate and interact with digital elements on a Graphical User-Interface, was introduced in the 1980s. Touchpads became popular as a mouse replacement for laptop computers in the 1990s. Gesture recognition cameras to detect body, hand and finger movement were introduced in the early 2000s. Touchscreens as inputs for mobile smartphones became ubiquitous at the end of 2010.

Technologies which are used in all devices for input, interaction, control and operation, include:

According to an International Data Corporation, or the IDC, publication from September 2024, or the IDC Publication, in 2024, a total of 533.9 million units of wearable devices will be shipped to consumers, of which approximately 156.5 million are smartwatches, and approximately 35.2 million smart wristbands. The IDC forecasts the market for wearable devices will reach 606.2 million units shipped to consumers in 2028, of which 175.2 million will be smartwatches. This represents a 2.9% five-year compound annual growth rate, or CAGR, for smartwatches.

Further, the IDC opines that in 2024, a total of 1.8 million units of smart glasses without a display, such as Meta-Ray Ban glasses, were shipped. The IDC forecasts that this market will reach 2.4 million in shipped units in 2028, with a 7.5% five-year CAGR.

Additionally, according to the IDC Publication, by 2024 shipments of face computers will reach a total of 6.6 million units. The IDC forecasts that the face computers market will reach 23.1 million shipped units in 2028. This category is expected to show a 36.6% year-over-year growth. Face computers are considered devices that have a potential to replace smartphones by the end of the decade. This product category includes devices by Meta, Apple, HTC Corporation, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., or Samsung, Google, Microsoft, Sony Group Corporation, Xreal Technology Co., Ltd., and others.

According to the IDC Publication, shipments of smart-computing consumer devices that include personal computers, tablets, smartphones, and video entertainment (set-top box/streaming stick, TV, and others) were expected to reach approximately 1.88 billion units shipped in 2024. IDC forecasts this market will reach 2.03 billion units shipped in 2028.

Taking the aforementioned figures into consideration, the TAM that we are targeting is approximately 12.7 billion devices shipped between 2024 to 2028. The smart-computing and smart-home device categories present several challenges that need to be addressed before we will be able to take advantage of this opportunity. One of our major challenges is to determine whether consumers will be reluctant to adopt our products and services as an alternative to established, traditional devices, such as remote controls, touchscreens, camera gesture control solutions, keyboards and mice.

As a result, we plan to focus on delivering the greatest value to users by first focusing on the wearables and face computer device categories. We believe that as we continue to expand our platform and as consumers increasingly view a connected world of ambient computing and smart-home products and services as an alternative or complement to wearable devices, there will be an opportunity to extend our addressable market to the broader consumer electronics categories and markets.

Neural control interface market

The global neural control interface market is expanding due to several significant trends, including:

Our Technology

Our technology is based on six layers which form three pillars-- hardware, software and humanware. We develop the hardware and the software from the bottom up and define the user-experience. Using the domain expertise and the insights we have gathered and continue to gather as users provide feedback, we define the standard for interaction with wearables and digital devices. Our technology layers are interdependent and are optimized to the wrist area thus creating a significant protection moat - there is a very high interdependency between each layer to adjacent layers, and developing similar solutions requires expertise in each individual layer.

The first pillar is hardware, which includes electrodes, band design, including form factor and materials, the SNC sensor and the miniaturized flex-rigid electronics. We research and develop electrode materials and geometry to achieve a durable electrode that sustains its physical properties on wrist skin contact and endures thousands of wear/off cycles. Band design includes the modeling of the curvature of the band to snuggly fit the wrist area, and feel pleasant and comfortable to be worn on daily basis. The SNC sensors were developed specifically for the inner wrist area; therefore, they are able to sense low energy biopotentials and to maintain optimal bandwidth and minimize external interference sources. The miniaturized flex-rigid electronics design and manufacturing offer a flexible shell with dynamic semi flex-rigid printed circuit board, to meet strict bill of materials and design for assembly requirements, and consumer laws.

Figure 2: The Three Pillars of the Mudra Technology

Figure 2 above displays the three pillars of our technology.

The first pillar is hardware, which includes electrodes, band design, including form factor and materials, the SNC sensor and the miniaturized flex-rigid electronics.

The second pillar is software, which includes cross platform software engine, artificial intelligence learning algorithms and software applications. We developed a unique cross-platform software engine, which supports real-time signal processing and is capable of cross-platform algorithms mitigation on multiple operating systems. This allows us to run our software on low compute power wearables and digital devices, and to mitigate algorithms across platforms without the need to re-write the algorithms for each operating system. Our machine learning algorithms and deep learning neural networks artificial intelligence architecture leverages the most advanced approaches of few-shot learning algorithms, making classification based on a very small number of samples, on a unique bio-signal for which we create the unique, and non-available, training and validation sets. We achieved over 96% accuracy with a very short calibration procedure for multiple users. We develop software applications for mobile and desktop operating systems which integrate the algorithms and supply the users with the desired gestures and functions.

The third pillar is the humanware and user experience which is the hand and finger gestures that the user performs and the functions that bind with these gestures to input commands and control devices. We developed a set of gestures that create a natural interaction and are optimized for humans rather than for computers. As a result, we immerse users naturally to control their devices and increase the fidelity of intention. Furthermore, we developed functionality that allows users to toggle and switch between connected devices and provides a seamless transition of control across devices such as an iPhone, iPad, Mac computer, and Apple TV devices, as well as other connected devices including smart glasses, using handsfree and touchless subtle finger and wrist movements.

Our Mudra platform supports discrete gestures, continuous gestures, and air-touch gestures:

Figure 3: The Mudra Platform Gestures Types

Figure 3 above displays the three types of Mudra gestures - discrete gestures, continuous gestures, and air-touch gestures.

We specifically tailor the set of gestures to each controlled device and scenario, as we deeply believe each device’s form factor and user input should be tailored specifically to the user’s intent, rather than having a set of pre-defined gestures for all devices and functions. Each electronics company or electronic brand may require different bundles of hardware, software, and humanware solutions, with integration interfaces for its device, system and design.

Our Core Products and Solutions

The Mudra Platform

Mudra, our neural interface platform, is designed to enable our customers and users to improve interaction and control of digital devices by:

Our Products

We are offering both B2B and B2C products.

B2B products. We offer two ways for our business customers to access our technology: (i) paid pilot projects which include the purchase of Mudra Inspire to evaluate the experience and to validate the technology, and (ii) an SNC sensor module to integrate into a customer device (including AR/VR headsets, smartphones, smartwatches, televisions, and laptops) under a license agreement. Typically, we work with the B2B customer on validating our technology with the goal of integrating our technology into the customer’s device. We also offer licensing of a SNC sensor module, with the option to license our operating system, or OS, software package and algorithm software package.

Our B2B product offerings include:

We believe that offering our own consumer products presents vast monetization opportunities because we can utilize meta-data mining for the purpose of building a large hand and finger gestures database.

Our B2C product offerings include:

What our platform devices track

Our products track the following signals which our algorithms decipher to classify the user intent hand and finger gestures:

Compatibility and Wireless Syncing

In order to reach the widest set of corporate customers and customer users, we focus on ensuring that our devices are compatible with a broad range of mobile devices and OSs. Currently, our platform can sync with mobile devices operating with iOS8 and above, Android 8.0 and above, and Windows 10 and above.

Our Customers

Our customers include businesses and private consumers, as we operate in both the B2B and B2C sectors. We define “customer” as an individual or entity that has purchased our products. We consider individuals that are or could be interested in our products as “consumers.”

B2B Market

Our B2B customer market includes consumer electronics companies, consumer electronics brands, industrial manufacturing companies, IT and software solutions providers, software development studios, and academic institutions. As the rate of adoption for neural input solution among companies and users increases, the likelihood of our platform becoming universally compatible with any wearable device or computer also increases, creating positive network effects that enhance our growth. In addition, the data we accept from our large user and customer base enables us to enhance our product features, provide improved insights, and offer more valuable experiences for our users.

We explore a large variety of use-cases with our customers. A use-case is a well-defined scenario, which involves a user, a user objective or task, a controlled device, and the user’s environment. An example for a use-case is a bike-rider that controls the display of data layers on AR smart glasses designed for cycling, and uses touchless subtle finger movements to scroll, swipe and select data layers and digital items. While cycling, the rider wears gloves and has the fingers clenched on the bike steering wheel.

Figure 4: Number of Our B2B Customers and Use-Cases

In Figure 4 above, the chart on the left illustrates the number of total business customers buying the Mudra Inspire, which was 27 in the second half of 2018 (all of which were new customers), 82 in 2019 (55 of which were new customers), 103 in 2020 (21 of which were new customers), 121 in 2021 (18 of which were new customers), and 126 in 2022 (5 of which are new customers). If a separate team from a company bought the Mudra Inspire, we consider such team as a new customer. If the same team bought the Mudra Inspire, we do not consider it as a new customer.

The chart on the right above illustrates the number of total business customer use-cases for integrating or implementing our Mudra technology into their devices, products or services: 21 in the second half of 2018 (all of which were new use-cases), 59 in 2019 (38 of which were new use-cases), 74 in 2020 (15 of which were new use-cases), 89 in 2021 (15 of which were new use-cases), and 92 in 2022 (3 of which were new use-cases).

In January 2024, we launched the B2B Mudra Development Kit, in order to replace the Mudra Inspire which was at the “end of life” during 2023. The new Mudra Development Kit provides our customers with enhanced capabilities and additional features, including surface nerve conductance sensors optimized for capturing nerve signals from major wrist nerve bundles.

Also in January 2024, we announced a new revolutionary “Spatial Depth” control functionality which allows users to use the Mudra Band for depth navigation, adding an extra dimension to user interactions. Adding depth to navigation enhances user interactions by allowing more intuitive control. This is particularly useful in spatial computing applications, where perception is important in rich 3-dimensional environments. It provides a more immersive experience, enabling users to interact with 3-dimensional elements in digital space, making tasks more natural and efficient.

Consumer Electronics Companies

We define consumer electronics companies as a B2B market, where these customers have all the resources needed to develop, manufacture and market a wide variety of consumer electronic devices. Our customers in this market are exploring our Mudra technology as an input-method for current and future products, which include AR glasses, smartwatches, VR headsets, gaming consoles, mobile phones, smart televisions, voice assistants, smart homes, and large displays.

We estimate there will be a three-to-five-year period from the time we are first introduced to a customer to signing a licensing agreement. Some of the following seven phases may be introduced earlier to qualify the customer.

The first phase of engagement usually occurs when the customer receives the Mudra Inspire dev-kit after a paid pilot was signed. In this phase, we educate the customer about our technology, including our cutting-edge algorithms, the product form factor, the gestures and binding functions, and the user experience. During this period, the customer usually evaluates these factors and validates the technology as a whole.

In the second phase the customer defines a use-case for evaluating our Mudra technology for its business goals. This includes defining user functions, and defining the gestures that will be used to control the device. The second phase is mostly focused on the end-user experience, or what we term as the “humanware” layer.

The third phase focuses on the customer’s needs, desires and “nice-to-have” features that it lists in a technical document. This phase has a prolonged direct interaction with the customer which includes support, conversations, and further explorations of our technology scope.

The fourth phase includes a detailed written software requirement specification document which is part of the pilot transaction. The outcome is, generally, a software or a mobile application which includes customer specific requests for which gestures perform certain functions on a specific device and operating system. This phase may also include defining new gestures, collecting new gesture data from users, developing algorithms, and writing the program.

In the fifth phase, upon successful completion of the customer’s pilot transaction, a full technical specification of the solution and the integration method are discussed, including: definition of the wrist device form factor, material, and design; definition of the software, and compute unit requirements; the full set of gestures and interactions; and finally, the complete product specification and integration methods.

In the sixth phase, we define the business model and revenue model, the licensing scope, the site license rights, and the license period. We offer a business model which includes a mix of fixed annual license fee and variable royalties per each device sold. The business model and pricing are dependent on the integration level required, the development period, the exclusivity rights, the scope of the reference engineering design, and the expected volume of units that the customer is expected to sell.

In the seventh and final phase, the commercial contract with the customer is signed. All necessary integration design information to start serial manufacturing and integration into the consumer electronics customer device are delivered.

Consumer Electronics Brands

We define consumer electronics brands as a B2B market, where these customers have all the necessary resources to develop, manufacture and market a single product or product line of a consumer electronic device. Customers in this market are exploring our Mudra technology as an input method for current and future products. We are working with leading consumer electronics brands on integrating the Mudra technology into their products.

With this type of customer, we seek to get enter into a bulk purchase order or to create a co-branded device or a white label. We are in charge of the development and manufacturing of the wrist device, based on the customer’s specifications.

The business model with this customer segment is to charge for research and development costs to adjust our Mudra technology per customer specification. We sell a bulk order of the devices at an agreed price to the customer. The minimum order quantity for this customer segment is 10,000 units per year.

Industrial Companies

We define industrial companies as a B2B market segment, where the customer operates in various Industry 4.0 areas such as automotive, aircraft, energy, medical, infrastructure, and utilities, among others.

As explained briefly above, Industry 4.0 refers to a new phase in the Industrial Revolution that focuses heavily on interconnectivity, automation, machine learning, and real-time data. Industry 4.0, which encompasses the Industrial Internet of Things, or IoT, and smart manufacturing, unites physical production and operations with smart digital technology, machine learning, and big data to create a more holistic and better-connected ecosystem for companies that focus on manufacturing and supply chain management.

Customers in this market are seeking ways to increase profitability and reduce costs in production and assembly lines, optimize manufacturing processes, and make their employees more efficient and less vulnerable to mistakes or physical harm.

We conducted several evaluations of the Mudra technology with industrial companies, which included developing new gestures for monitoring manual activity of assembly line employees. The motivations of the customers are:

Manufacturing and assembly lines contain multiple manual tasks that employees perform repeatedly without being monitored with regard to accuracy or the employees’ physical conditions. Using our Mudra technology to monitor employee actions and the way they perform tasks can reduce mistakes on assembly lines, and continuously improve employee productivity and engineering processes. Principally, a manual hand operation on a production line or an assembly line can be defined as a gesture with our Mudra technology. We offer these customers wristbands that their employees can wear and monitor hand and finger movements. A local computer unit such as smartphone, tablet or PC, is connected to a cloud-based server to collect, analyze and identify if a certain manual task is performed accurately, thus preventing incurring losses on later stages of production. It can also monitor the movement frequency and infer stress of the employee to alert when performance is degrading during a work day, or over time.

Based on customer feedback and pilot transactions, the business model for this customer segment may be SaaS. In such model, we will supply the wrist devices, specific software, and the cloud and integration solution. The customer will pay per site where the solution is implemented and on the number of users, on monthly or annual automatic renewable subscription.

Information Technology, Software Solutions Providers

We define information technology, or software solutions providers, as a B2B market, where the customers offer third-party clients with project management needs, from conception to installation. Customers in this market are traditionally hired as vendors for consumer electronics companies, consumer electronics brands, or industrial company segments, to integrate the Mudra technology as part of a solution to their clients. The common use-cases include defining new input methods for industrial robots, drones, and other machines or devices. The business model is similar to the business model we will use when directly facing the customer’s client, which can be a license agreement, a bulk order, or a SaaS model.

Software Development Studios

We define software development studios as a B2B market, where the customers seek new opportunities in computer games and mobile applications. The customers can leverage their existing users and install-base with new innovative digital health, entertainment, and gaming applications. The business model is revenue sharing from the install base, based on monthly or annual revenues. The software segment includes developers, designers and artists, all working together towards delivering engaging, high visual and technical quality games.

Academia

We have a few customers from academia and research universities which explored the use of our Mudra technology to aid individuals with physical disabilities, and new alternative methods of input and interaction for individuals with limited hand movements.

B2C Market

We have started offering our products directly to consumers, in the form of pre-orders, or early bookings. The Mudra Band for Apple Watch is our first consumer product, launched in June 2020. The band connects to the Apple Watch and allows a user touchless operation and control Apple ecosystem products. So far we have delivered over 3,000 units of the Mudra Band for Apple Watch since the first batch was delivered to customers in September 2023.

The Mudra Link, a personalized gesture control wristband for any operating system, is our second consumer product, launched in September 2024. The wristband connects to Bluetooth enabled devices and allows a user touchless operation and control of computers, robots, smart glasses, applications and other smart devices. As of March 19, 2025, we have delivered a couple hundred pre-orders of the Mudra Link in several batches.

Establishing a direct connection with customers and users enables us to learn, improve and enhance our product offerings. This also enables us to mine meta-data to build hand and finger movements and gestures database, which we believe has huge monetization opportunities. The Mudra Band for Apple Watch is designed for users who are Apple afficionados and like buying Apple related products and active sport and fitness users. The Mudra Link is designed for users who are technology early adopters and like purchasing innovative consumer gadgets, and crowd-funding and innovation seekers audiences.

We plan to develop and offer additional consumer electronics products for controlling and interacting with computers and digital devices. We expect additional consumer offerings will include applications for a variety of devices which will add value to the consumer beyond hardware functions.

The value of Mudra Input Technology to Our Customers

Smartwatch operation methods include touchscreen, buttons, digital crown, bezel, and wrist gestures. By integrating our Mudra technology into a smartwatch, our business customers can:

Our Mudra technology enables the smartwatch end-user to enjoy a touchless watch operation experience. The user can operate applications and watch OS functions without physical touch using same-hands subtle finger movements, while multi-tasking or on-the-go, keeping a visible display.

Mobile phone usage has been limited by the touchscreen, an interface which requires constant physical touch. By linking a Mudra wristband with a mobile phone, our business customers can:

Our Mudra technology allows the mobile phone end-user to benefit from turning the phone into a stationary hub for work, video streaming, and gaming. The user can access a world of new experiences by integrating touchless interactions with connected eco-system devices to achieve more of the phone.

AR glasses use semi-transparent display lenses to overlay digital data and digital holograms into the user’s real-world view. AR glasses input solutions include gesture recognition cameras, temple area touchpads, wired remote, handheld clicker, handheld remote, and voice commands.

By integrating our Mudra technology with AR glasses, our business customers can:

When using our Mudra technology, the AR glasses end-user enjoys a natural, hands-free, and safer input method to interact with digital overlays. The user can operate the device using natural and intuitive hand postures and gestures along the waist, with less fatigue caused by waving the hands in mid-air. The user’s real-world environment is clear and not blocked by the hands.

VR headsets use digital displays which cover eyes to immerse the user in a fully computer-generated alternative environment, displaying computer-generated video capture which entirely occludes the user’s natural surroundings. VR headset input solutions include handheld controllers, a gesture camera, a keyboard, a mouse, input gloves, and voice commands.

By integrating our Mudra technology with VR glasses, our business customers can:

When using our Mudra technology, the VR headset end-user is immersed in a real-life VR experience. Interaction with digital holograms such as grabbing, throwing, holding, and dragging is done using hand and finger movements instead of by pressing buttons. Using our Mudra technology allows the user to be fully immersed into an entertaining digital experience that feels like a real-life interaction.

Competition

The basic input pillars of HCI are through text, navigation, and digital element interaction. The most common interface solutions include keyboard and mouse for PC, touchscreen for mobile phones and tablet computers, handheld controllers for television, game consoles, and VR headsets, temple area touchpads and/or gesture cameras for AR glasses, and voice recognition for smart home devices.

The market of input methods and peripheral for digital devices is both evolving and competitive, with companies offering a variety of competitive products in multiple price points. The established industry-standard technologies include physical or digital keyboards, PC-mice, handheld controllers, touch surfaces, voice assistants, and gesture cameras. These categories have a multitude of participants including specialized consumer electronics companies such as Logitech International S.A., Razer Inc., and Microsoft. There is also a wide range of after-market products that can be purchased on retail and online stores from a multitude of manufacturers. Voice assistants are now available through multiple technology consumer companies such as Apple, Google, Amazon.com, Inc., Microsoft, and Samsung.

There are also many large, broad-based consumer electronics companies that either compete in our market or adjacent markets or have announced plans to do so. For example, in September 2024, Meta unveiled Orion AR glasses, a pair of smart glasses that can be controlled using a neural wristband. In September 2019, Meta acquired our former direct competitor, CTRL-Labs (now Facebook Reality Labs). In February 2025, TapWithUS unveiled the TapClip, a camera-based wrist input device that can translate finger movements as keyboard input or mouse.

In October 2023, Apple released the Apple Watch Ultra2 Double Tap capability, which allows users to tap the index finger and thumb together twice to answer a call, reply to a message, see and scroll through the Smart Stack, and more, based on the watch’s IMU and PPG sensors. In December 2023, Doublepoint Technologies unveiled a wristband controller with continuous touch-based gesture tracking. In February 2023, Pison launched Ready, a new sports performance wearable tool designed to measure, track and enhance athletes’ readiness, mental agility, and focus.

There are also multiple participants which utilize emerging wearable, sensor, and bio-potential signals to offer neural and wearable interfaces such as Coolso Technology Inc. and CenWatch, whereas electroencephalogram-based companies include Neuralink Corporation and NextMind SAS (acquired by Snap Inc. in March 2022). In February 2025, Humane Inc., the company behind the AI Pin wearable which can be controlled using gestures, announced it has been acquired by HP Inc..

We believe that our competitive advantages include:

Based on these variables, we believe that we compete favorably when compared with the global competition in this market, which will enable us to maintain and extend our leadership position.

Our Growth Strategy

We intend to achieve a leading position for neural input technology, and to expand our operations to digital and wearable computers. Key elements of our growth strategy include:

Intellectual Property

Our ability to compete effectively depends in part on our ability to develop and maintain the proprietary aspects of our technology in hardware, software, sensors, and user experience. Our policy is to obtain appropriate proprietary rights protection for any potentially significant new technology acquired or developed by us. We currently hold two U.S. patents: the first patent concerns a wrist wearable gesture control system that uses bio-potential signals to control digital devices and provides user feedback, and the second patent is a continuation in part of the first patent and adds the ability to detect user applied fingertip pressure for analog control of digital devices. In addition, we have one China patent for interface for wearable devices. In addition, we have one patent application in South Korea, an additional two patent applications in the United States and five patent applications in China, all of which are still pending.

In addition to patent laws, we rely upon a combination of designs, copyrights, trade secrets, domain names and trademark rights, and contractual restrictions such as confidentiality agreements, licenses, and intellectual property assignment agreements. We attempt to protect our trade secrets and other proprietary information through agreements with all our B2B customer segments, other customers and suppliers, distributors, proprietary information agreements with our employees and consultants, and other similar measures. Our primary U.S. registered trademark is for our product line name “Mudra”. We cannot be certain that we will be successful in protecting our proprietary rights. While we believe our patents, patent applications, hardware, software and other proprietary know-how have value, changing technology makes our future success dependent principally upon our ability to successfully achieve continuing innovation.

Litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce our proprietary rights, to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others, or to defend us against claims of infringement or invalidity by others. An adverse outcome in such litigation or similar proceedings could subject us to significant liabilities to third parties, require disputed rights to be licensed from others or require us to cease marketing or using certain products, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the cost of addressing any intellectual property litigation claim, both in legal fees and expenses, as well as from the diversion of management’s resources, regardless of whether the claim is valid, could be significant and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

At this time, we are not a party to any pending litigation for infringement of intellectual property rights.

Research and Development

We are passionate about developing innovative products and services that allow interaction and control of computers to become natural and intuitive as real-life experiences. We believe our future success depends on our ability to develop new products and features that expand the versatility and performance of our existing platform, and we plan to continue to invest significant resources to enhance performance, functionality, and convenience and style for our users. Our research and development team supports the design and development of our wrist-worn devices, proprietary sensors, firmware, algorithms, and mobile apps. The team is composed of dedicated research employees, electrical engineers, mechanical engineers, firmware engineers, site operations engineers, and mobile app developers. Our research and development team is primarily based at our headquarters in Yokne’am Illit, Israel. Our subsidiary, Mudra Wearable, Inc., or Mudra Wearable, established an office in Redwood City, California to enhance the Company’s market presence and partner relations.

Our research and development expenses, net were approximately $2.96 million and approximately $3.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Research and development expenses, net decreased by approximately $352 thousand, or 11%, to approximately $2,964 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2024, from approximately $3,316 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease of approximately $171 thousand in labor costs, a decrease in materials expenses of approximately $302 thousand, a decrease in subcontractors expenses of approximately $182 thousand and a decrease in travel expenses of approximately $89 thousand due to a decrease in transition costs from development to production. This decrease was partially offset by a decrease in IIA participation of approximately $322 thousand.

We believe that the receipt of these IIA grants in the years 2015 to 2024 is a positive signal that our technology is innovative and feasible. We received these grants for the purpose of developing the Mudra SNC core technology, for developing the Mudra Band for Apple Watch hardware architecture, and for developing a manufacturing process for the Mudra Band.

We continue to pursue non-dilutive grants from the IIA as well as other organizations in Israel.

Manufacturing, Logistics and Fulfillment

We outsource the manufacturing of our products to several contract manufacturers. These contract manufacturers produce components of our products in their facilities located in Asia and Israel. The components used in our products are sourced either directly by us or on behalf of us by our contract manufacturers from a variety of component suppliers selected by us and located worldwide.

Our operations employees coordinate our relationships with our contract manufacturers and component suppliers. We believe that using outsourced manufacturing enables greater scale and flexibility at lower costs than establishing our own manufacturing facilities. We evaluate on an ongoing basis our current contract manufacturers and component suppliers, including, whether or not to utilize new or alternative contract manufacturers or component suppliers.

We work with third-party fulfillment partners to deliver our products from final manufacturing facilities worldwide, which allows us to reduce order fulfillment time, reduce shipping costs, and improve inventory flexibility.

Sales Channels

Direct to consumer channel. We market and offer our products directly to consumers in the United States and other countries through our online stores at Mudra-band.com. We drive consumers to our website through online and offline advertising as well as marketing promotions.

We plan to offer additional channels as we increase our production capability.

Retail channel. We plan to offer our products in retail stores and are currently focused on building close relationships with our retailers, working with them to merchandise our products in a compelling manner both in-store and on their e-commerce sites, promote our products through their marketing efforts, and educate their sales forces about our products. Retail channel stores may also include consumer electronics and specialty retailers, e-commerce retailers, mass merchant, department store, and club retailers, as well as wireless carriers’ stores.

Marketing and Advertising

Our marketing and advertising programs are focused on building global brand awareness, increasing product adoption, and driving sales. Our B2C marketing and advertising efforts target consumers primarily by digital marketing, channel marketing, newsletters, and public relations. We are also exploring opportunities of endorsements by micro-influencers and brand ambassadors. Our B2B marketing and advertising efforts target business customers by thought leadership content creation, inbound marketing, conferences, and tradeshows.

C. Organizational Structure

We have one wholly-owned subsidiary, Mudra Wearable, which was incorporated in Delaware. Mudra Wearable has one full-time employee who acts as a general manager and chief marketing officer. Mudra Wearable is responsible for the marketing and distribution of our products in the United States.

D. Property, Plant and Equipment

We have headquarters which are located at 5 Ha-Tnufa St., Yokne’am Illit, Israel. This facility comprises approximately 732 square meters, or 7,880 square feet of space. This lease will expire on January 31, 2025, with an option to extend the lease period by two additional lease periods, each for an additional 12 months. Our monthly rent payment for this facility was NIS 57,794 (approximately $16,000) during the first lease year and increased to NIS 72,722 (approximately $20,000) during the second lease year. During the option lease periods, the lease payment may be increased up to 10% as compared to the second lease year. We exercised the option for an additional 12 month lease period and are currently in the process of negotiating the rental fee for such an additional lease period.

In September 2024, our subsidiary, Mudra Wearable, established an office located at 3 East Third Avenue, San Mateo, California. The lease is on month-to-month basis and this facility comprises approximately 40 square feet of space. Our monthly rent payment for this facility is $495.

We consider that our current office space is sufficient to meet our anticipated needs for the foreseeable future and is suitable for the conduct of our business.

ITEM 4. A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

A. Operating Results

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F. The discussion below contains forward-looking statements that are based upon our current expectations and are subject to uncertainty and changes in circumstances. Actual results may differ materially from these expectations due to inaccurate assumptions and known or unknown risks and uncertainties, including those identified in “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and under “Risk Factors” elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F. Our discussion and analysis for the year ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2023 can be found in our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on March 15, 2024.

Overview

We are a growth company developing a non-invasive neural input interface in the form of a wearable wristband for controlling digital devices using subtle finger gestures and hand movements. Since our technology was introduced to the market in 2014, we have been working with both B2B and B2C customers as part of our push-pull strategy. We are now in the transition phase from research and development to commercialization of our technology into B2B products. At the same time, starting in December 2023, we have commenced shipment of the Mudra Band, our first B2C consumer product, and aftermarket accessory band for Apple Watch that enables gesture control across Apple ecosystem devices such as iPhone, Mac computer, Apple TV, and iPad, inter alia. In September 2024, we launched the Mudra Link, a universal gesture control wearable wristband. The Mudra Link is open for orders and we have started shipping the Mudra Link to customers in the first quarter of 2025.

Mudra Development Kit, originally named Mudra Inspire, our B2B development kit product, started selling to B2B customers in 2018 as the first point of business engagement and contributed to our early-stage revenues. At CES 2024, the Mudra Band for Apple Watch, our flagship B2C product was included in the “Best of CES 2024” products list by SlashGear. At CES 2025, the Mudra Link, our gesture control stand-alone wristband for all Bluetooth compatible devices won the CES 2025 Honoree Award in XR Technologies & Accessories.

Over 100 companies have purchased our Mudra Development Kit, 30 of which are multinational technology companies. These companies are exploring various input and control use-cases for their products, ranging over multiple countries and industry sectors, including consumer electronics manufacturers, consumer electronics brands, electronic components manufacturers, IT services and software development companies, industrial companies, and utility providers. Our objective with these companies is to commercialize the Mudra technology by licensing it for integration in the hardware and software of these companies’ products and services. We estimate that there will be a three-to-five-year period from the time we are first introduced to a customer to signing a licensing agreement.

In addition to consumer electronics, we have recently expanded our brand to include neurotech and brain-computer interface sensors, with additional verticals that include Industry 4.0 – a new phase in the Industrial Revolution that focuses on interconnectivity, automation, machine learning, and real-time data, digital health, sport analytics, and more.

Components of Results of Operations

Revenues

Revenue is recognized when (or as) control of the promised goods or services is transferred to the customer, and in an amount that reflects the consideration we are contractually due in exchange for those services or goods. We follow five steps to record revenue: (i) identify the contract with a customer, (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determine the transaction price, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) we satisfy our performance obligations. We generate revenues from the sales of our Mudra Band, our Mudra Inspiredevelopment kits and sales of pilot transactions.

In 2023, we started production of our B2C consumer product, the Mudra Band, and started to generate revenues, all of which were pre-paid. The Mudra Band allows touchless operation and control of the watch and iPhone by using an app which is considered combined with the band as one performance obligation. Revenue derived from the sale of Mudra Band is recognized at a point of time when control transfers to the customer. We believe that the delivery date is the most appropriate point in time indicating control has transferred to the customer.

A pilot transaction has multiple performance obligations and it generally takes a few months but less than one year.

Each Mudra Inspire development kit sale also has multiple performance obligations.

In those transactions, each obligation: hardware and API (for Mudra Inspire development kit) and tailor-made software application and technical support (for a pilot transaction) is distinct and separately identifiable.

The amount allocated to the delivered items is recognized upon delivery, the amount allocated to API is recognized over the API period and the amount allocated to the technical support is recognized over the service period (a pilot period).

The payment terms of the Mudra Inspire development kits are upon delivery of the hardware, while the payment terms of the pilot transactions are within the pilot period.

Operating Expenses

Our current operating expenses consist of four components-cost of revenues, research and development expenses, sales and marketing expenses and general and administrative expenses. Labor costs are the most significant component of operating expenses and consist of salaries (including benefits) and share-based compensation.

Cost of revenues

Cost of revenues consists primarily of cost of component parts of our products sold and outbound freight charges.

Research and Development Expenses, net

Research and development expenses consist primarily of labor cost, subcontractors and materials. Costs are expensed as incurred, net of governmental grants from the IIA.

Sales and Marketing Expenses, net

Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of labor cost, consultants, and digital advertising.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of labor cost, professional service fees and facilities.

Public Offering Expenses

Public offering expenses consist of professional service fees relating to a firm commitment underwritten initial public offering we closed on September 15, 2022.

Financial Income and Expense

Financial income mainly consists of interest on deposits while financial expenses consist of interest on convertible promissory note, bank charges and net currency exchange rates differences.

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

Results of Operations

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the periods presented.

Revenues

Revenues increased by approximately $440 thousand, or 537%, to approximately $522 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2024, from approximately $82 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was mainly due to revenue growth from the sale of our B2C Mudra Bands.

Cost of revenues

The cost of revenues increased by approximately $375 thousand, or 600%, to approximately $437 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2024, from approximately $62 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was mainly due to an increase in costs of goods and manufacturing costs as a result of an increase in sales of our B2C Mudra Bands.

Research and development expenses, net

Research and development expenses, net decreased by approximately $352 thousand, or 11%, to approximately $2,964 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2024, from approximately $3,316 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease of approximately $171 thousand in labor costs, a decrease in materials expenses of approximately $302 thousand, a decrease in subcontractors expenses of approximately $182 thousand and a decrease in travel expenses of approximately $89 thousand, due to a decrease in transition costs from development to production. This decrease was partially offset by a decrease in IIA participation of approximately $322 thousand.

Sales and marketing expenses, net

Sales and marketing expenses, net increased by approximately $88 thousand, or 4%, to approximately $2,096 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2024, from approximately $2,008 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily due to an increase in advertising expenses in 2024.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses decreased by approximately $37 thousand, or 1.3%, to approximately $2,845 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2024, from approximately $2,882 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in directors and officers’ insurance costs.

Finance income (expense), net

Finance expense, net was approximately $52 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to finance income, net of approximately $372 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2023. Finance expense, net in 2024 was primarily due to interest on convertible promissory note, partially offset by interest income on short-term deposits. Finance income, net in 2023 was primarily due to interest on bank deposits.

Net loss and the total comprehensive loss

As a result of the foregoing, our total comprehensive and net loss for the year ended December 31, 2024 was approximately $7.9 million, compared to approximately $7.8 million for the same period ended December 31, 2023, an increase of approximately $65 thousand, or 0.8%.

B. Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

We are still in a transition phase from development stage to an early stage of generating revenues. Therefore, we have suffered recurring losses from operations and negative cash flows from operations since inception. Our operations have been funded substantially through issuance of convertible securities to certain investors which were converted to equity, issuance of shares and warrants, through Israeli governmental grants, an underwritten public offering in November 2023, registered direct offering and concurrent private placement of warrants in November 2024, best efforts offering in January 2025 and our IPO. Considering the above, our dependency on external funding for our operations raises a substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had incurred accumulated losses of $29.1 million and expects to continue to fund its operations through issuances of Ordinary Shares and warrants, convertible securities, and through Israeli governmental grants. There is no assurance that such financing will be obtained. We believe that our existing cash, including the proceeds from our recent offerings of Ordinary Shares, will be sufficient to support working capital and capital expenditure requirements through September 2025.

Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

Until we can generate significant recurring revenues, profit and cash flow provided by operating activity we expect to satisfy future cash needs through existing cash, debt or equity financings as well as governmental grants and proceeds from exercises of options and warrants. In the event that we require additional financing, we may not be able to raise such financing on terms acceptable to us or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital or generate cash flows necessary to expand our operations and invest in continued innovation, we may not be able to compete successfully, which would harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

The table below summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated.

Operating Activities

We have generated negative cash flow. Our primary uses of cash from operating activities are for labor costs, research and development expenses for materials and subcontractors and professional services.

Cash used in operating activities mainly consists of our net loss adjusted for certain non-cash items, including share-based compensation, depreciation expenses and changes in operating assets and liabilities during each period.

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, net cash used in operating activities was approximately $7.6 million and approximately $8.4 million, respectively. The primary factors affecting operating cash flows were a net loss of approximately $7.9 million and an increase of inventory of approximately $194 thousand during the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to net loss of approximately $7.8 million and increase of inventory of approximately $1 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. Cash used in operating activities was partially offset by non-cash adjustments of approximately $458 thousand and approximately $196 thousand during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities

Cash provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024, was approximately $3.2 million, primary due to a decrease in short-term deposits. Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023, was approximately $4.2 million, mainly due to an increase in short-term deposits.

Net cash provided by financing activities

Cash provided by financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2024 totaled approximately $6.7 million, mainly due to proceeds of approximately $4.4 million, net from issuance of shares pursuant to the SEPA (as defined below), $0.8 million, net from issuance of a convertible promissory note and approximately $1.6 million proceeds from a public offering, net of issuance cost.

On July 4, 2022, we entered into a three-year consulting agreement, or the Credit Facility Agreement, with Pure Capital Ltd., or Pure Capital, which did not include a provision of termination by us for convenience after the consulting commencement date. Pursuant to the Credit Facility Agreement, Pure Capital renders press release related services and other related strategic services to us in exchange for a current monthly base fee of $35,000 plus VAT. If 70% or more of the warrants (or other convertible securities) issued in connection with our IPO are exercised during the term of such instrument, then the base monthly fee will immediately increase to $70,000, which increase shall apply retroactively; and, for the avoidance of any doubt, the base increase shall remain effective and in full force notwithstanding the lapse of three years. Pure Capital started providing consulting services to us on September 15, 2022.

The Credit Facility Agreement also provided that from July 4, 2022 to, June 30, 2024, Pure Capital would serve as our strategic consultant in connection with any offering or financing transaction of our company, each in excess of $5,000,000, in exchange for a per offering and/or transaction fee of $100,000 for the closing(s) of any such offering.

On February 16, 2023, we issued an aggregate of 2,114 Ordinary Shares to certain investors in our April 2021 financing pursuant to certain provisions in our agreements with such investors as a result of issuing Ordinary Shares at a price lower than the price they had paid for their Ordinary Shares. We do not have any remaining obligation to issue additional securities to such investors.

In June 2023, we issued an additional 9,052 Ordinary Shares upon the exercise of Warrants at an exercise price of $160.00 per share for aggregate proceeds of $1.4 million.

On November 13, 2023, we closed a public offering with gross proceeds to the Company of $2.0 million, before deducting underwriting discounts and other expenses paid by the Company, and net proceeds of approximately $1.7 million after such discounts and expenses. The offering consisted of 55,555 ordinary shares priced to the public at $36.00 per share.

On June 6, 2024, we entered into a Standby Equity Purchase Agreement, or SEPA, with YA II PN, Ltd., or YA, a fund managed by Yorkville Advisors Global, L.P. Pursuant to the terms of the SEPA, YA committed to purchase up to $10 million, or the Commitment Amount, of Ordinary Shares at any time during the three-year period following the execution date of the SEPA. In connection with the SEPA, we could request pre-paid advances of the Commitment Amount, in an amount up to $3.0 million, each a Pre-Paid Advance. Each Pre-Paid Advance was evidenced by a promissory note, each, a Promissory Note. Each Promissory Note was to fully mature 12-months following its issuance and accrued interest on the outstanding principal balance thereon at a rate of 6% per annum, increasing to 18% per annum upon an Event of Default (as defined in the Promissory Note). Beginning 60 days after the issuance of a Promissory Note, we were required to pay to YA a monthly installment payment of 10% of the original principal amount of the Promissory Note and accrued interest, payable in cash or by submitting an Advance Notice, where YA would offset the amount due to be paid to us under such notice against an equal amount of the monthly installment amount, at our option. If we elected to pay in cash, the installment amount also included a payment premium in the amount of 5% of the principal amount of the installment payment. We started to raise funds under the SEPA at the end of June 2024 and sold 307,175 Ordinary Shares for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $4.6 million. We requested and received a Pre-Paid Advance in the amount of $2.0 million. On February 6, 2025, we repaid our outstanding balance pursuant to the SEPA.

Following approval by our shareholders in September 2024, after market close on October 7, 2024, we effected a reverse share split of our issued and outstanding Ordinary Shares, at a ratio of 1-for-20. As a result of the reverse share split, every 20 Ordinary Shares were consolidated into one Ordinary Share, and every 20 tradable warrants were consolidated into one warrant. In addition, the exercise price underlying each warrant was proportionately adjusted. Our Ordinary Shares began trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market on a post-reverse split basis at the open of the market on October 10, 2024. The implementation of the reverse share split did not amend our registered share capital under our amended and restated articles of association, as currently in effect, which consists of 50,000,000 Ordinary Shares. This reverse share split adjusted the number of issued and outstanding Ordinary Shares of the Company from approximately 24,438,030 Ordinary Shares to approximately 1,254,622 Ordinary Shares and the number of warrants from 7,860,861 warrants to 393,043 warrants. Following approval by our shareholders in February 2025, after market close on March 13, 2025, we effected an additional reverse share split of our issued and outstanding Ordinary Shares, at a ratio of 1-for-4. As a result of the reverse share split, every 4 Ordinary Shares were consolidated into one Ordinary Share, and every 4 tradable warrants were consolidated into one warrant. In addition, the exercise price underlying each warrant was proportionately adjusted. Our Ordinary Shares began trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market on a post-reverse split basis at the open of the market on March 17, 2025. The implementation of the reverse share split did not amend our registered share capital under our amended and restated articles of association, as currently in effect, which consists of 50,000,000 Ordinary Shares. This reverse share split adjusted the number of issued and outstanding Ordinary Shares of the Company from approximately 3,939,911 Ordinary Shares to approximately 1,028,980 Ordinary Shares and the number of warrants from 393,043 warrants to 98,261 warrants.

The number of Ordinary Shares available for issuance under our equity incentive plans has been adjusted by the same 1-for-20 ratio and additional 1-for-4 ratio. In addition, a proportionate, upwards adjustment to the per share exercise price, and a corresponding decrease to the number of Ordinary Shares issuable upon exercise, was made to all outstanding options entitling the holders to purchase Ordinary Shares. Similarly, a proportionate downwards adjustment was made to the number of Ordinary Shares issuable upon settlement of our outstanding Restricted Share Units, or RSUs.

On November 27, 2024, we closed a registered direct offering for the issuance and sale of 63,000 Ordinary Shares and pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 142,500 Ordinary Shares and a concurrent private placement for the sale of warrants to purchase up to 205,500 Ordinary Shares, at a combined purchase price of $9.00 per Ordinary Share and accompanying warrant and a combined purchase price of $8.9996 per pre-funded warrant and accompanying warrant. We received aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $1.85 million, before deducting placement agent fees and other offering expenses The warrants issued pursuant to the concurrent private placement have an exercise price of $10.00 per Ordinary Share, were immediately exercisable and will expire five years following the date of issuance. Following the reasonable best efforts” public offering from January 30, 2025, the exercise price of these warrants was reduced to $4.00. The pre-funded warrants have an exercise price of $0.0004 per Ordinary Share, were immediately exercisable upon issuance and may be exercised at any time until the pre-funded warrants are exercised in full (subject to certain beneficial ownership limitations).

On January 30, 2025, we closed a “reasonable best efforts” public offering with a single institutional investor for the purchase and sale of 86,250 Ordinary Shares, pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 538,750 Ordinary Shares and warrants to purchase up to 625,000 Ordinary Shares, at a combined offering price of $4.00 per share and accompanying warrant and a combined offering price of $3.9996 per pre-funded warrant and warrant. We received aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $2.5 million, before deducting placement agent fees and other offering expenses. The warrants have an exercise price of $4.00 per Ordinary Share, are exercisable immediately and expire five years from the issuance date. The pre-funded warrants have an exercise price of $0.0004 per Ordinary Share, were immediately exercisable upon issuance and may be exercised at any time until the pre-funded Warrants are exercised in full (subject to certain beneficial ownership limitations).

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Our headquarters are located at 5 Ha-Tnufa St., Yokne’am Illit, Israel. This facility comprises approximately 732 square meters, or 7,880 square feet of space. We have leased this office since February 1, 2023 and on January 31, 2025 we exercised an option to extend the lease for an additional 12 months period. Our monthly rent payment for this facility was NIS 57,794 (approximately $16,000) during the first lease year and increased to NIS 72,722 (approximately $20,000) during the second lease year. We are currently negotiating the monthly rent payment for the extended lease period, which according to the terms of the lease agreement, may be increased up to 10% as compared to the second lease year.

We have off-balance sheet arrangements in connection with our research and development agreements with the IIA. Under the applicable laws, we are required to pay royalties at the rate of 3%-3.5% of sales of products developed with the funds provided by the IIA, up to an amount equal to 100% of the IIA research and development grants received, linked to the dollar including accrued interest. Until October 25, 2023, the interest was calculated at a rate based on 12-month LIBOR applicable to US Dollar deposits. IIA grants approved by the IIA prior to January 1, 2024 but which are outstanding thereafter, as of January 1, 2024, the annual interest is calculated at a rate based on 12-month Secured Overnight Financing Rate, or SOFR, or at an alternative rate published by the Bank of Israel plus 0.71513%; and, for grants approved on or following January 1, 2024 the annual interest is the higher of (i) the 12 months SOFR interest rate, plus 1%, or (ii) a fixed annual interest rate of 4%. We obligated to repay the Israeli government for the grants received only to the extent that there are revenues of the funded products (currently all the Company’s products). The royalty payments to the IIA are on a semi-annual basis. As December 31, 2024, we had a contingent obligation to pay royalties to the IIA in the principal amounted of $2.4 million.

In addition, the terms of the grants under the Research Law require that the manufacturing of products resulting from IIA-funded programs be carried out in Israel, unless a prior written approval of the IIA is obtained. In December 2022, we received an approval from the IIA to transfer some of our manufacturing activities abroad. As a condition for obtaining approval to manufacture outside of Israel (or following a declaration that up to 10% of the production is transferred abroad), we would be required to pay increased royalties, which usually amount to 1% in addition to the standard royalties rate 3%-3.5%, and also the total amount of our liability to IIA may be increased to between 100% and 150% of the grants we received from IIA, depending on the manufacturing volume that is performed outside of Israel (less royalties already paid to IIA). For more information, see also “Item 10.E - Taxation - Israeli Tax Considerations and Government Programs - Tax Benefits and Grants for Research and Development.”

In January 2023, the IIA approved a program to finance further development of our manufacturing process of our wearable neural interface in Israel, for a period of 12 months starting February 1, 2023. The IIA approved extension of the program until April 30, 2024. The approved program is in the amount of approximately $900 thousand, of which the IIA will finance 60%.

We also have off-balance sheet arrangements in connection with our sales and marketing agreement with the IMEI. Under the applicable laws, if the export revenues in the defined target market increase by $311 thousand compared to the base year, the Company would be required to pay royalties at the rate of 3% of the increase. The royalty payments to the IMEI are calculated as 3% annually of the excess of Company’s annual revenues from the Mudra Band in the U.S. market in each year commencing 2022 over the Company’s 2020 actual revenues from the U.S. market plus NIS 1 million (i.e., 3% on revenues in the U.S. market in each year exceeding approximately $311 thousand). The royalty payments to the IMEI are on an annual basis.

As of December 31, 2024, the maximum obligation with respect to the grant received from the IMEI, contingent upon entitled future sales, was $95 thousand linked to the consumer price index.

We do not believe that off-balance sheet arrangements and commitments (with the exception of our lease contract, which may have some impact on our expenses and results of operations) are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that is material to investors.

C. Research and development, patents and licenses, etc.

For a description of our research and development programs and the amounts that we have incurred over the last two years pursuant to those programs, please see “Item 5.A. Operating Results- Operating Expenses- Research and Development Expenses, net” and “Item 5.A. Results of Operations- Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023- Research and Development Expenses, net.”

D. Trend information

As of March 19, 2025, we employed 25 full-time employees (including one employee located in Lithuania and one employee located in the United States), and nine part-time employees. We have two sub-contractors located in India, performing front-end software application development. We intend to maintain this number of employees and expenses during 2025, mainly to support our business development activities, the continuous research and development activity of our Mudra technology, and to manufacture the Mudra Band, which includes the purchase of components, manufacturing of components, and assembly of the product.

In September 2024, we launched the Mudra Link, a universal gesture control wearable wristband. The Mudra Link is open for orders and we have started shipping the Mudra Link to customers in the first quarter of 2025.

Adverse macroeconomic conditions, including recent inflation, slower growth, changes to fiscal and monetary policy, higher interest rates, and currency fluctuations have impacted companies in Israel and around the world, and as the future market conditions and possible recession remain highly uncertain, we cannot predict severity of the possible recession and its effects on our customers and their spending habits. See also Item 3.D. “Risk Factors” - General economic factors may adversely affect our business, financial performance and results of operations.

E. Critical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Critical accounting policies are those that are the most important to the portrayal of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations, and that require the most difficult, subjective and complex judgments. The most critical accounting policies, discussed below, pertain to areas where judgment of management, historical factors and estimates require a high degree of involvement when determining the final reported balance in the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Revenue recognition

Revenue is recognized when (or as) control of the promised goods or services is transferred to the customer, and in an amount that reflects the consideration we are contractually due in exchange for those services or goods. We follow five steps to record revenue: (i) identify the contract with a customer, (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determine the transaction price, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) we satisfy our performance obligations.

We generate revenues from the sales of B2C Mudra Band, sales of B2B Mudra Development Kits and sales of pilot transactions.

The Mudra Band is an aftermarket accessory band for the Apple Watch which allows touchless operation and control of the watch and iPhone by using an app, which is considered combined with the band as one performance obligation. Revenue derived from the sale of Mudra Band is recognized at a point of time when control transfers to the customer. We believe that the delivery date is the most appropriate point in time indicating control has been transferred to the customer.  

We allow return and refund of Mudra Band within 30 days from the delivery of Mudra Band. We record an appropriate provision for such refunds.

Revenue derived from freight charges is considered as a separate performance obligation recognized when the related product revenue is recognized.

A pilot transaction has multiple performance obligations, and it generally takes a few months but less than one year. Each Mudra Development Kit sale also has multiple performance obligations.

The payment terms of the Mudra Development Kit sales are upon delivery of the hardware, while the payment terms of the pilot transactions are within the pilot period.

In those transactions, each obligation- hardware and API (for Mudra Development Kit) and tailor-made software application and technical support (for a pilot transaction) - is distinct and separately identifiable.

The amount allocated to the delivered items is recognized upon delivery, the amount allocated to API is recognized over the API period and the amount allocated to technical support is recognized over the service period (a pilot period). 

Governmental grants

The Company receives royalty-bearing grants from the Israeli government for approved research and development projects and marketing efforts. These grants are recognized at the time the Company is entitled to such grants based on the costs incurred or milestones achieved as provided by the relevant agreement and included as a deduction from research and development or sales and marketing expenses, respectively.

Share based compensation

Share-based compensation expenses related to employees’ and consultants’ awards (including without limitations, options, restricted shares and restricted share units) are measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award and are generally expensed over the requisite service period (generally the vesting period). We recognize compensation expense on a straight-line basis from the beginning of the service period. For awards with graded-vesting features, each vesting tranche is separately expensed over the related vesting period. We estimate the fair value of each stock option grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which requires management to make certain assumptions of future expectations based on historical and current data include the expected term of the stock option, expected volatility, dividend yield, and risk-free interest rate.

ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES

A. Directors and Senior Management

The following table sets forth information regarding our executive officers, key employees and directors as of March 19, 2025:

Asher Dahan, Chief Executive Officer, Chairman of the Board of Directors

Mr. Asher Dahan has served as our director since March 2014 and as our Chief Executive Officer and as acting Chief Financial Officer since March 2016 and as the chairman of our board of directors since March 6, 2022. Mr. Dahan founded our company together with Mr. Guy Wagner and Mr. Leeor Langer in March 2014. From 2013 to 2015, Mr. Dahan worked as Electrical Validation Manager at Intel Haifa, Israel. He worked for Intel Haifa, Israel from 2006 to 2012 as Technical Leader and Engineer for High Speed Interfaces. Mr. Dahan has a BSc. in Electrical Engineering from Ort Braude College. Mr. Dahan serves both as our Chief Executive Officer and as the Chairman of our board of directors, in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Law and the Companies Regulations (Validity Period of a Decision According to Section 121 of the Companies Law), 5776-2016, which allows such dual office for a period of five years following the completion of the IPO.

Alon Mualem, Chief Financial Officer

Mr. Alon Mualem has served as our Chief Financial Officer since January 7, 2022. Mr. Mualem previously served as the Chief Financial Officer of Eltek Ltd. (Nasdaq: ELTK), an Israeli public company, from January 2019 to January 2022. Mr. Mualem served as the Chief Financial Officer of SharpLink Gaming Ltd. (Nasdaq: SBET), formerly known as Mer Telemanagement Solutions Ltd., an Israeli public company, from 2007 to September 2018. Prior thereto, between 2005 and 2007, Mr. Mualem served as the Chief Financial Officer of Xfone, Inc. (AMEX and TASE: XFN), an international communications services company. Previously, Mr. Mualem served as a controller and Chief Financial Officer of hi-tech companies, and as an audit manager at Somekh Chaikin, a member firm of KPMG International. Mr. Mualem holds a B.A. degree in Accounting and Economics from Tel Aviv University and is a licensed CPA (Israel).

Tamar Fleisher, Chief Operating Officer

Ms. Tamar Fleisher has served as our Chief Operating Officer since January 2023. As our Chief Operating Officer, Ms. Fleisher leads and scales our global business operations with the primary responsibility of accelerating operational performance and managing our manufacturing and production processes for the Mudra Band. Ms. Fleisher previously served as the Chief Operating Officer and Director of Product Management at Serenno Medical Ltd. from August 2021 to December 2022, a healthcare company with a pioneering technology to improve acute kidney injury and fluid management. Before then, she served as a director of product management at StemRad Ltd. from January 2018 to August 2021, a world leader in the provision of personal radiation protection solutions and technology. Prior to that, Ms. Fleisher served as a general manager and head of design and engineering at Librus Design Ltd. from October 2015 to December 2017, a company specializing in the design and engineering of plastic products. Ms. Fleisher has a B.A. degree in industrial design from the Holon Institute of Technology.

Guy Wagner, Chief Scientific Officer, President and Director

Mr. Guy Wagner has served as our director since March 2014 and as our Chief Scientific Officer and as Company President since March 2016. Mr. Wagner founded our company together with Mr. Asher Dahan and Mr. Leeor Langer in March 2014. From 2005 to 2014, Mr. Wagner worked as Hardware Engineer at Intel Haifa, Israel. Mr. Wagner has a BSc. in Electrical Engineering from Ort Braude College.

Leeor Langer, Chief Technology Officer

Mr. Leeor Langer has served as our Chief Technology Officer since March 2016. Mr. Langer founded our company together with Mr. Asher Dahan and Mr. Guy Wagner in March 2014. From 2014 to 2015, Mr. Langer worked as an algorithms developer at CMT Medical Technologies Ltd., developing image processing techniques for medical x-ray applications. Prior to that, he worked for BrandShield Ltd. from 2012 to 2014 as an algorithms engineer, developing ranking algorithms for digital brand protection. From 2009 to 2012, Mr. Langer worked as a tools developer and algorithms engineer at Intel in Israel, developing signal processing methods for electrical validation labs. Mr. Langer has a BSc. in Electrical Engineering from the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology and an MSc. in Applied Mathematics from the Tel Aviv University. Mr. Langer graduated cum laude and published his thesis and papers on digital pathology in peer reviewed journals.

Shmuel Barel, Chief Marketing Officer

Mr. Shmuel Barel has served as our Chief Marketing Officer since March 2018 and has served as General Manager of Mudra Wearable since January 2024. Mr. Barel previously served as owner at SamsProjects, a consultancy business, from January 2014 to March 2018. Mr. Barel served as a Senior Marketing Analyst at Media World Ltd., a global investment and sales company, from February 2010 to December 2013. Prior thereto, between 2006 and 2010, Mr. Barel served as Application and Training Engineer at Applied Materials, Inc. (Nasdaq: AMAT), an international semiconductor equipment and software supplier. Previously, Mr. Barel served as Computer Aided Design Engineer at the Israeli Aircraft Industries, a major aerospace and aviation manufacturer in Israel, from February 2006 to January 2010. Mr. Barel holds an MBA degree from the Bar Ilan University, a Master of Systems Engineering degree from the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, and a BSc in Mechanical Engineering from the Tel-Aviv University.

Offir Remez, Executive Vice President of Business Development

Mr. Offir Remez has served as our Executive Vice President of Business Development since November 2021. Before then, Mr. Remez served as an advisor to our Chief Executive Officer from June 2017 to October 2021. Mr. Remez served as a member on the board of directors of Adshir Ltd. from January 2014 to October 2021. Mr. Remez holds a M.Sc with excellence (magna cum laud) in Mathematics and Computer Science from the Tel Aviv University.

Eli Bachar, Director

Mr. Eli Bachar has served as our director since 2016. From 2013 to 2021, Mr. Bachar is a serial investor. He was a director of Xjet3D from 2014 to 2021. From 2015 to 2019, Mr. Bachar was a director of 6 Over 6 Vision Ltd. He was a director of GetSat Ltd. from 2014 to 2021. From 2013 to 2021, Mr. Bachar was a director of Silentium Ltd. He was a director of Cupixel Ltd. from 2017 to 2021. Mr. Bachar holds a BA in Business Administration and Management from the Reichman University (previously known as IDC Herzliya).

Yaacov Goldman, Director

Mr. Yaacov Goldman has served as one of our directors since September 2022. He provides consulting services to companies in strategic-financial areas, through his wholly owned company, Maanit-Goldman Management & Investments (2002) Ltd. Mr. Goldman has served as external director for Can-Fite BioPharma Ltd. (NYSE:CANF) since August 2017. Mr. Goldman also serves as a director of Avgol Industries 1953 Ltd., Mivne Real Estate (K.D) Ltd., and Prashkovsky Investments and Construction Ltd. Mr. Goldman served as the Professional Secretary of the Peer Review Institute of the Certified Public Accountants Institute in Israel from October 2004 until September 2008. Commencing in 1981, Mr. Goldman worked for Kesselman & Kesselman (Israeli member firm of PricewaterhouseCoopers) for 19 years, and from 1991 until 2000, as a partner and then senior partner of such firm. From September 2000 until November 2001, Mr. Goldman served as managing director of Argoquest Holdings, LLC. Mr. Goldman holds a B.A. degree in Economics and Accounting from Tel Aviv University and is a Certified Public Accountant (Israel).

Ilana Lurie, Director

Ms. Ilana Lurie has served as one of our directors since September 2022. Ms. Lurie is a Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operations Officer, and Director with vast experience in international finance and operations, within both large technology companies as well as Start-Ups. In a course of last 10 years, Ilana led significant financing rounds, as well as debt restructuring processes. She has served as an external director for Eltek Ltd. (NASDAQ:ELTK) since September 2018. Ms. Lurie played a critical role in transition from R&D to production in NovelSat and she is currently leading this activity in IO Tech, in her capacity as Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operations Officer. During 2012 until 2020, Ms. Lurie has been Chief Financial Officer of NovelSat, Landa Ventures portfolio company. Prior to her tenure at NovelSat, Ms. Lurie served as Finance Manager for the Enterprise Services business unit (formerly EDS) of Hewlett Packard (NYSE:HPQ). From 2006 to 2011, Ms. Lurie held several financial management positions at Ness Technologies (NASDAQ/TASE:NSTC), which, at the time, was a public company. Ms. Lurie earned her B.A. degree and an MBA degree with a specialization in Finance and Marketing from Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Family Relationships

There are no family relationships between any members of our executive management and our directors.

Arrangements for Election of Directors and Members of Management

There are no arrangements or understandings with major shareholders, customers, suppliers or others pursuant to which any of our executive management or our directors were selected.

B. Compensation

The following table presents in the aggregate all compensation we paid to all of our directors and senior management as a group for the year ended December 31, 2024. The table does not include any amounts we paid to reimburse any of such persons for costs incurred in providing us with services during this period.

All amounts reported in the tables below reflect the cost to the Company, in thousands of U.S. Dollars, for the year ended December 31, 2024. Amounts paid in NIS are translated into U.S. dollars at the rate of NIS 3.699 = U.S. $1.00, based on the average representative rate of exchange between the NIS and the U.S. dollar as reported by the Bank of Israel during such period of time.

For so long as we qualify as a foreign private issuer, we will not be required to comply with the proxy rules applicable to U.S. domestic companies regarding disclosure of the compensation of certain executive officers on an individual basis. In accordance with the Companies Law, we are required to disclose the compensation granted to our five most highly compensated officers. The table below reflects the compensation granted during or with respect to the year ended December 31, 2024.

Employment Agreements with Executive Officers

We have entered into written employment agreements with each of our executive officers. All of these agreements contain customary provisions regarding noncompetition, confidentiality of information and assignment of inventions. However, the enforceability of the noncompetition provisions may be limited under applicable law. In addition, we have entered into agreements with each executive officer and director pursuant to which we will indemnify each of them up to a certain amount and to the extent that these liabilities are not covered by directors and officers insurance.

On March 6, 2022, our board of directors determined that it is in the best interest of our company to amend the employment agreements and approve new terms of compensation for each of our officers, subject to the approval of our shareholders. The amendments to the agreements were approved at the shareholders meeting, which took place on March 14, 2022.

On August 21, 2023 and August 23, 2023, the compensation committee and the board of directors, respectively, approved and recommended that the Company’s shareholders approve an increase of the per-meeting fee and annual fee of our non-executive directors. On November 30, 2023, at the annual and special general meeting, our shareholders approved the increase of fees.

On August 15, 2024, the compensation committee and the board of directors, respectively, approved and recommended that the shareholders approve, the adoption of an amended and restated compensation policy pursuant to which the board of directors will be authorized to exchange part of the monthly salary for the Company’s office holders with equity-based compensation, at the discretion of, and at such date to be determined by the board directors, subject to certain limitations and to the instructions of the Company’s compensation policy, and with the consent of the subject office holders, and to amend the Company’s compensation policy to reflect the same. On September 26, 2024, at the annual and special general meeting, our shareholders approved the proposed exchanges and the Company’s amended and restated compensation policy. Subsequently, on December 25, 2024, the board of directors authorized the Company’s management to exercise an exchange, in accordance with the shareholders’ resolution, and for a period not exceeding five months.

For a description of the terms of our options and option plans, see “Item 6.C. Board Practices - Share Option Plan” below.

Directors’ Service Contracts

Other than with respect to our directors who are also executive officers, we do not have written agreements with any director providing for benefits upon the termination of his employment with our company.

C. Board Practices

Our board of directors presently consists of five members. Our amended and restated articles of association provide that the number of board of directors’ members (including external directors, if applicable) shall be set by our board of directors provided that it will consist of not less than three and not more than twelve. Pursuant to the Companies Law, the management of our business is vested in our board of directors. Our board of directors may exercise all powers and may take all actions that are not specifically granted to our shareholders or to management. Our executive officers are responsible for our day-to-day management and have individual responsibilities established by our board of directors. Our Chief Executive Officer is appointed by, and serves at the discretion of, our board of directors, subject to the employment agreement that we have entered into with him. All other executive officers are appointed by our Chief Executive Officer. Their terms of employment are subject to the terms of our amended and restated compensation policy and any applicable law, and are subject to the approval of the board of directors’ compensation committee, the board of directors, and in some cases of our general meeting of our shareholders, and are subject to the terms of any applicable employment agreements that we may enter into with them. Our board of directors has established an audit committee, compensation committee, and a financial statement examination committee.

Our amended and restated articles of association provide for a split of the board of directors into three classes with staggered three-year terms (excluding external directors, if applicable). At each annual general meeting of our shareholders, the election or re-election of directors following the expiration of the term of office of the directors of that class of directors will be for a term of office that expires on the third annual general meeting following such election or re-election, such that each year the term of office of only one class of directors will expire. The director whom is to be retired and re-elected shall be the director that served the longest period since its appointment or last re-election or, if more than one director served the longest time, or if a director who is not to be re-elected agrees to be re-elected, the meeting of the board of directors which sets the date and agenda for the annual general meeting (acting by a simple majority) will decide which of such directors will be brought for re-election at the relevant general meeting.

Each director, except external directors (if applicable), will hold office until the third annual general meeting of our shareholders following his or her appointment (other than in certain cases as described below), or until he or she resigns or unless he or she is removed by a majority of 70% of our shareholders’ votes at a general meeting of our shareholders or upon the occurrence of certain events, in accordance with the Companies Law and our amended and restated articles of association.

In addition, under certain circumstances, our amended and restated articles of association allow our board of directors to appoint directors to fill vacancies on our board of directors, due to a director no longer serving, or due to the number of directors serving being less than the maximum amount, for the remaining period of time during which the director whose service has ended was filled would have held office (in case the appointment is due to a director no longer serving), or for a period in accordance with the class to which he was appointed (in case the appointment is in addition to the acting directors, subject to the limitation on the number of directors). External directors, if applicable, may be elected for up to two additional three-year terms after their initial three-year term under certain circumstances, and may be removed from office only under the limited circumstances set forth in the Companies Law.

Under the Companies Law, any shareholder holding at least one percent of our outstanding voting power may nominate a director at a general meeting of the shareholders. However, any such shareholder may make such a nomination only if a written notice and timely of such shareholder’s intent to make such nomination has been given to our board of directors, in accordance with the provisions of our amended and restated articles of association and the Companies Law. Any such notice must include certain information, including the consent of the proposed director nominee to serve as our director if elected, and a declaration that the nominee signed declaring that he or she possesses the requisite skills and has the availability to carry out his or her duties. Additionally, the nominee must provide details of such skills, and demonstrate an absence of any limitation under the Companies Law that may prevent his or her election, and affirm that all of the required election-information is provided to us, pursuant to the Companies Law.

However, under exemptions applicable for Israeli companies whose shares are listed on stock exchanges outside of Israel, or the Exemptions Regulations, one or more shareholders of such a company, may request the company’s board of directors to include the appointment of a candidate for a position on the board of directors or the termination of a board member, as an item on the agenda of a future general meeting (if the company sees fit), provided that the shareholder hold at least five percent (5%) of the voting rights of the company, instead of one percent (1%) required in the past.

Our board of directors may call special meetings whenever it sees fit and upon the request of: (a) any two of our directors or such number of directors equal to one quarter of the directors then at office; and/or (b) one or more shareholders holding, in the aggregate, (i) 5% or more of our outstanding issued shares and 1% of our outstanding voting power or (ii) 5% or more of our outstanding voting power, or the Non Exempted Holding. However, under the Exemptions Regulations, the board of directors of an Israeli company whose shares are listed outside of Israel, shall convene a special general meeting of shareholders at the request of: (i) one or more shareholders holding at least ten percent (10%) of the issued and outstanding share capital instead of five (5%) in the past, and at least one percent (1%) of the voting rights in the company, or (ii) one or more shareholders holding at least ten percent (10%) of the voting rights in the company, unless the applicable law incorporated in the country in which the company is listed for trade, establishes a right to demand convening of such a meeting for those holding less than ten percent (10%) of the voting rights in the company (in which case, the Non Exempted Holding shall apply).

Under the Companies Law, our board of directors must determine the minimum number of directors who are required to have accounting and financial expertise. In determining the number of directors required to have such expertise, our board of directors must consider, among other things, the type and size of the company and the scope and complexity of its operations. Our board of directors has determined that the minimum number of directors of our company who are required to have accounting and financial expertise is one.

The board of directors must elect one director to serve as the chairman of the board of directors to preside at the meetings of the board of directors, and may also remove that director as chairman. Pursuant to the Companies Law, neither the chief executive officer nor any of his or her relatives is permitted to serve as the chairman of the board of directors, and a company may not vest the chairman or any of his or her relatives with the chief executive officer’s authorities. In addition, a person who reports, directly or indirectly, to the chief executive officer may not serve as the chairman of the board of directors; the chairman may not be vested with authorities of a person who reports, directly or indirectly, to the chief executive officer; and the chairman may not serve in any other position in the company or a controlled company, but he or she may serve as a director or chairman of a controlled company. However, the Companies Law permits a company’s shareholders to determine, for a period not exceeding three years from each such determination, that the chairman or his or her relative may serve as chief executive officer or be vested with the chief executive officer’s authorities, and that the chief executive officer or his or her relative may serve as chairman or be vested with the chairman’s authorities. Such determination of a company’s shareholders requires either: (1) the approval of at least a majority of the shares of those shareholders present and voting on the matter (other than controlling shareholders and those having a personal interest in the determination) (shares held by abstaining shareholders shall not be considered); or (2) that the total number of shares opposing such determination does not exceed 2% of the total voting power in the company. Since March 6, 2022, our Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Asher Dahan, has also served as the chairman of our board of directors. Mr. Dahan serves both as our Chief Executive Officer and as the Chairman of our board of directors, in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Law and the Companies Regulations (Validity Period of a Decision According to Section 121 of the Companies Law), 5776-2016, which allows such dual office for a period of five years following the completion of the IPO.

The board of directors may, subject to the provisions of the Companies Law, delegate any or all of its powers to committees of the board, and it may, from time to time, revoke such delegation or alter the composition of any such committees, subject to certain limitations. Unless otherwise expressly provided by the board of directors, the committees shall not be empowered to further delegate such powers. The composition and duties of our audit committee, financial statement examination committee and compensation committee are described below.

The board of directors oversees how management monitors compliance with our risk management policies and procedures, and reviews the adequacy of the risk management framework in relation to the risks faced by us. The board of directors is assisted in its oversight role by an internal auditor. The internal auditor undertakes both regular and ad hoc reviews of risk management controls and procedures, the results of which are reported to our audit committee.

External Directors

Under the Companies Law, a public company incorporated in Israel is required to appoint two external directors to serve on its board of directors. One of the external directors must have “financial and accounting expertise”, as defined under the Companies Law. In addition, external directors must meet stringent standards of independence as set forth in the Companies Law, including regulations regarding: limitations on the duration of the term of office of the external directors, limitations on compensation terms, etc.

Under regulations promulgated under to the Companies Law, a company with no controlling shareholder whose shares are listed for trading on specified exchanges outside of Israel, including the Nasdaq Capital Market, may adopt exemptions from various corporate governance requirements of the Companies Law, so long as such company satisfies the requirements of applicable foreign country laws and regulations, including applicable stock exchange rules, that apply to companies organized in that country and relating to the appointment of independent directors and the composition of audit and compensation committees. Such exemptions include an exemption from the requirement to appoint external directors and the requirement that an external director be a member of certain committees, as well as exemption from limitations on directors’ compensation. We do not currently have a controlling shareholder and we use this exemption from the requirement described herein.

Independent Directors Under the Companies Law

An “independent director” under the Companies Law is either an external director or a director who meets the same non-affiliation criteria as an external director (except for (i) the requirement that the director be an Israeli resident (which does not apply to companies such as ours whose securities have been offered outside of Israel or are listed outside of Israel) and (ii) the requirement for accounting and financial expertise or professional qualifications), as determined by the audit committee, and who has not served as a director of the company for more than nine consecutive years. For these purposes, ceasing to serve as a director for a period of two years or less would not be deemed to sever the consecutive nature of such director’s service.

Regulations promulgated pursuant to the Companies Law provide that a director in a public company whose shares are listed for trading on specified exchanges outside of Israel, including the Nasdaq Capital Market, who qualifies as an independent director under the relevant non-Israeli rules and who meets certain non-affiliation criteria, which are less stringent than those applicable to independent directors as set forth above, would be deemed an “independent” director pursuant to the Companies Law provided: (i) he or she has not served as a director for more than nine consecutive years; (ii) he or she has been approved as such by the audit committee; and (iii) his or her remuneration shall be in accordance with the Companies Law and the regulations promulgated thereunder. For these purposes, ceasing to serve as a director for a period of two years or less would not be deemed to sever the consecutive nature of such director’s service.

Furthermore, pursuant to these regulations, such company may reappoint a person as an independent director for additional terms, beyond nine years, which do not exceed three years each, if each of the audit committee and the board of directors determine, in that order, that in light of the independent director’s expertise and special contribution to the board of directors and its committees, the reappointment for an additional term is in the company’s best interest.

Alternate Directors

Our amended and restated articles of association provide, as allowed by the Companies Law, that any director may, subject to the conditions set thereto including approval of the nominee by our board of directors, appoint a person as an alternate to act in his place, to remove the alternate and appoint another in his place and to appoint an alternate in place of an alternate whose office is vacated for any reason whatsoever. Under the Companies Law, a person who is not qualified to be appointed as a director, a person who is already serving as a director or a person who is already serving as an alternate director for another director, may not be appointed as an alternate director. Nevertheless, a director who is already serving as a director may be appointed as an alternate director for a member of a committee of the board of directors so long as he or she is not already serving as a member of such committee, and if the alternate director is to replace an external director, he or she is required to be an external director and to have either “financial and accounting expertise” or “professional expertise,” depending on the qualifications of the external director he or she is replacing. A person who does not have the requisite “financial and accounting experience” or the “professional expertise,” depending on the qualifications of the external director he or she is replacing, may not be appointed as an alternate director for an external director. A person who is not qualified to be appointed as an independent director, pursuant to the Companies Law, may not be appointed as an alternate director of an independent director qualified as such under the Companies Law. Unless the appointing director limits the time or scope of the appointment, the appointment is effective for all purposes until the appointing director ceases to be a director or terminates the appointment.

Committees of the Board of Directors

Our board of directors has three standing statutory committees, the audit committee, the compensation committee and the Financial Statement Examination Committee.

Audit Committee

Under the Companies Law, we are required to appoint an audit committee. The audit committee must be composed of at least three directors, including all of the external directors, if applicable (one of whom must serve as chairman of the committee). The audit committee may not include the chairman of the board; a controlling shareholder of the company or a relative of a controlling shareholder; a director employed by or providing services on a regular basis to the company, to a controlling shareholder or to an entity controlled by a controlling shareholder; or a director who derives most of his or her income from a controlling shareholder. Pursuant to the Companies Law, chairman of the audit committee is elected by the members of the audit committee.

However, under the Exemptions Regulations, a company with no controlling shareholder might be exempted from certain obligations mentioned above.

In addition, a majority of the members of the audit committee of a publicly traded company must be independent directors under the Companies Law.

Under the Companies Law, our audit committee is responsible for:

Our audit committee may not conduct any discussions or approve any actions requiring its approval (see “Management-Approval of Related Party Transactions under Israeli law”), unless at the time of the approval a majority of the committee’s members are present, which majority consists of independent directors under the Companies Law, including at least one external director, if applicable.

Our board of directors has adopted an audit committee charter setting forth, among others, the responsibilities of the audit committee consistent with the rules of the SEC and Nasdaq rules (in addition to the requirements for such committee under the Companies Law), including, among others, the following:

Nasdaq Stock Market Listing Rules for Audit Committee

Under the Nasdaq rules, we are required to maintain an audit committee consisting of at least three members, all of whom are independent and are financially literate and one of whom has accounting or related financial management expertise.

As noted above, the members of our audit committee are each “independent,” as such term is defined in under Nasdaq rules. All members of our audit committee meet the requirements for financial literacy under the Nasdaq rules. Our board of directors has determined that Mr. Goldman is an audit committee financial expert as defined by the SEC rules and has the requisite financial experience as defined by the Nasdaq rules.

Financial Statement Examination Committee

Under the Companies Law, the board of directors of a public company in Israel must appoint a financial statement examination committee, which consists of members with accounting and financial expertise or the ability to read and understand financial statements. The function of a financial statements examination committee is to discuss and provide recommendations to its board of directors (including the report of any deficiency found) with respect to the following issues: (1) estimations and assessments made in connection with the preparation of financial statements; (2) internal controls related to the financial statements; (3) completeness and propriety of the disclosure in the financial statements; (4) the accounting policies adopted and the accounting treatments implemented in material matters of the company; and (5) value evaluations, including the assumptions and assessments on which evaluations are based and the supporting data in the financial statements. Our independent registered public accounting firm and our internal auditor are invited to attend all meetings of our financial statements examination committee.

Compensation Committee

Under the Companies Law, the board of directors of any public company must establish a compensation committee. The compensation committee must be composed of at least three directors, including all of the external directors, if applicable, who if applicable must constitute a majority of the members of the compensation committee. Each compensation committee member that is not an external director must be a director whose compensation does not exceed an amount that may be paid to an external director. The compensation committee is subject to the same Companies Law restrictions as the audit committee as to: (a) who may not be a member of the committee; and (b) who may not be present during committee deliberations as described above.

However, under the Exemptions Regulations, a company with no controlling shareholder might be exempted from certain obligations mentioned above.

Our compensation committee acts pursuant to a written charter, and complies with the provisions of the Companies Law, the regulations promulgated thereunder, and our amended and restated articles of association, on all aspects referring to its independence, authorities and practice. Our compensation committee follows home country practice as opposed to complying with the compensation committee membership and charter requirements prescribed under the Nasdaq rules.

Our compensation committee reviews and recommends to our board of directors (and in accordance with the provisions of our amended and restated compensation policy): with respect to our executive officers’ and directors’: (1) annual base compensation (2) annual incentive bonus, including the specific goals and amounts; (3) equity compensation; (4) employment agreements, severance arrangements, and change in control agreements and provisions; (5) retirement grants and/or retirement bonuses; and (6) any other benefits, compensation, compensation policies or arrangements.

The duties of the compensation committee will include the recommendation to the company’s board of directors of a policy regarding the terms of engagement of office holders, to which we refer as a compensation policy. Such policy was adopted by our board of directors and was approved by the shareholders (see “Management-Board Practices-Approval of Related Party Transactions under Israeli law”). Under the Companies Law and certain conditions, the board of directors may adopt the compensation policy if it is not approved by the shareholders, provided that after the shareholders oppose the approval of such policy, the compensation committee and the board of directors revisit the matter and determine that adopting the compensation policy would be in the best interests of the company.

The compensation policy must serve as the basis for decisions concerning the financial terms of employment or engagement of executive officers and directors, including exemption, insurance, indemnification or any monetary payment or obligation of payment in respect of employment or engagement. The compensation policy must relate to certain factors, including advancement of the company’s objectives, the company’s business and its long-term strategy, and creation of appropriate incentives for executives. It must also consider, among other things, the company’s risk management, size and the nature of its operations. The compensation policy must furthermore consider the following additional factors:

The compensation policy must also include the following principles:

The compensation policy must also consider appropriate incentives from a long-term perspective.

The compensation committee is responsible for: (1) recommending the compensation policy to a company’s board of directors for its approval (and subsequent approval by the shareholders); and (2) duties related to the compensation policy and to the compensation of a company’s office holders, including:

Our amended and restated compensation policy is designed to promote our long-term goals, work plan and policy, retain, motivate and incentivize our directors and executive officers, while considering the risks that our activities involve, our size, the nature and scope of our activities and the contribution of an officer to the achievement of our goals and maximization of profits, and align the interests of our directors and executive officers with our long-term performance. To that end, a portion of an executive officer compensation package is targeted to reflect our short and long-term goals, as well as the executive officer’s individual performance. On the other hand, our amended and restated compensation policy includes measures designed to reduce the executive officer’s incentives to take excessive risks that may harm us in the long-term, such as limits on the value of cash bonuses and equity-based compensation, limitations on the ratio between the variable and the total compensation of an executive officer and minimum vesting periods for equity-based compensation.

Our amended and restated compensation policy also addresses our executive officer’s individual characteristics (such as his or her respective position, education, scope of responsibilities and contribution to the attainment of our goals) as the basis for compensation variation among our executive officers, and considers the internal ratios between compensation of our executive officers and directors and other employees. For example, the compensation that may be granted to an executive officer may include: base salary, annual bonuses, equity-based compensation, benefits and retirement and termination of service arrangements. All cash bonuses are limited to a maximum amount linked to the executive officer’s base salary. In addition, amended and restated our compensation policy provides for maximum permitted ratios between the total variable (cash bonuses and equity-based compensation) and non-variable (base salary) compensation components, in accordance with an officer’s respective position with the company.

An annual cash bonus may be awarded to executive officers upon the attainment of pre-set periodic objectives and individual targets. The annual cash bonus that may be granted to executive officers other than our chairman or Chief Executive Officer may be based entirely on a discretionary evaluation. Our Chief Executive Officer will be entitled to recommend performance objectives to such executive officers, and such performance objectives will be approved by our compensation committee (and, if required by law, by our board of directors).