HUDI Huadi International Group Company Ltd

The relevant exchange rates are listed below:

Cash and cash equivalents primarily consist of cash and deposits with financial institutions which are unrestricted as to withdrawal and use. Cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to cash generally with original maturities of three months or less when purchased.

The Company has bank acceptance notes outstanding with the bank and is required to keep certain amounts on deposit that are subject to withdrawal restrictions. Those notes are generally short term in nature due to their short maturity period of six to nine months; thus, restricted cash is classified as a current asset. Restricted cash is included in the beginning or ending balance of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash in the consolidated statements of cash flows.

As of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, restricted cash was $1,796,993 and $769,233, respectively. No restricted cash is held to ensure future credit availability.

Accounts receivables are recognized and carried at the originally invoiced amount, less an estimated allowance for credit losses. The Company consider historical collection experience, aging and customers’ industry to pool accounts receivable with similar risk characteristics, for those do not share risk characteristics, the Company evaluate them on an individual basis. The Company adopt loss rate method. Accounts receivable balances are written off after all collection efforts have been exhausted. Please refer to Note 2 - Allowance for credit losses for adoption of expected credit losses model.

Notes receivable represent bank acceptance notes and commercial acceptance notes the Company receives from its customers in exchange for goods or services that it has transferred to customers. The notes generally range from three to six months from the date of issuance. Notes receivables are recognized and carried at the face value less an estimated allowance for credit losses. Please refer to Note 2 - Allowance for credit losses for adoption of expected credit losses model.  

As part of the regular business and in case of immediate cash needs, the Company sells its notes receivable at a discount with or without recourse. Notes receivables are considered sold and derecognized from balance sheet when they are transferred beyond the reach of the Company and its creditors, the purchaser has the right to pledge or exchange the note receivables, and the Company has surrendered control over the transferred note receivables. If the Company does not surrender control, typically for those arrangements with recourse, the cash received from the purchaser is accounted for as a secured borrowing. In the case of arrangements with recourse, notes receivables are not derecognized.

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is principally determined using the weighted-average method. The Company records adjustments to inventory for excess quantities, obsolescence or impairment when appropriate to reflect inventory at net realizable value. These adjustments are based upon a combination of factors including current sales volume, market conditions, lower of cost or market analysis and expected realizable value of the inventory.

There were no write-downs recognized of inventories for the six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

Advances to suppliers refer to advances for purchase of materials or other service agreements, which are applied against accounts payable when the materials or services are received.

The Company reviews a supplier’s credit history and background information before advancing a payment. If the financial condition of its suppliers were to deteriorate, resulting in an impairment of their ability to deliver goods or provide services, the Company would write off such amount in the period when it is considered as impaired.

The allowance for advance to suppliers recognized as of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023 was $173,337 and $171,538, respectively.

Property, plant, and equipment are recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment. Depreciation commences upon placing the asset in usage and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets with 5% of residual value, as follows:

Expenditures for maintenance and repairs, which do not materially extend the useful lives of the assets, are charged to expense as incurred. Expenditures for major renewals and betterments which substantially extend the useful life of assets are capitalized. The cost and related accumulated depreciation of assets retired or sold are removed from the respective accounts, and any gain or loss is recognized in the consolidated statements of income and other comprehensive income in other income or expenses.

Under the PRC law, all land in the PRC is owned by the government and cannot be sold to an individual or company. The government grants individuals and companies the right to use parcels of land for specified periods of time. These land use rights are sometimes referred to informally as “ownership.” Land use rights are stated at cost less accumulated amortization. Land use rights are amortized using the straight-line method with the following estimated useful lives:

Effective October 1, 2020, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-01 and related ASU 2018-03 concerning recognition and measurement of financial assets and financial liabilities. In adopting this new guidance, the Company has made an accounting policy election to adopt the cost-minus-impairment measurement alternative for investments in equity securities without readily determinable fair values.

For equity investments that are accounted for using the cost-minus-impairment measurement alternative, the Company initially records equity investments at cost but is required to adjust the carrying value of such equity investments through earnings when there is an observable transaction involving the same or a similar investment with the same issuer or upon an impairment. 

Advances from customers refer to advances received from customers regarding product sales, which are applied against accounts receivable when products are sold.

Allowance for credit losses represents management’s best estimate of probable losses inherent in the portfolio. Effective October 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASC 326, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,” using the modified retrospective approach. This guidance replaced the “incurred loss” impairment methodology with an approach based on “expected losses” to estimate credit losses on certain types of financial instruments and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. The guidance requires financial assets to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the cost of the financial asset to present the net carrying value at the amount expected to be collected on the financial asset.

Under ASU 2016-13, the Company has exposure to credit losses for financial assets including accounts receivable, notes receivable, other receivable and other noncurrent assets. The Company considered various factors, including nature, historical collection experience, the age of the accounts receivable balances, credit quality and specific risk characteristics of its customers, current economic conditions, forecasts of future economic conditions, reversion period, and qualitative and quantitative adjustments to develop an estimate of credit losses. The Company has adopted loss rate method which is a combination of historical rate method and adjustment rate method, to estimate the credit loss.

Financial assets are presented net of the allowance for credit losses in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The measurement of the allowance for credit losses is recognized through current expected credit loss expense. Current expected credit loss expense is included as a component of selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. Write-offs are recorded in the period in which the asset is deemed to be uncollectible. As of March 31, 2024, the allowance for credit losses of accounts receivable, notes receivable, other receivable and other noncurrent assets was $1,553,365, $229,486, $2,916 and $120,139, respectively.

The Company’s management reviews the carrying values of long-lived assets whenever events and circumstances, such as a significant decline in the asset’s market value, obsolescence or physical damage affecting the asset, significant adverse changes in the assets use, deterioration in the expected level of the assets performance, cash flows for maintaining the asset are higher than forecast, indicate that the net book value of an asset may not be recovered through expected future cash flows from its use and eventual disposition. If the estimated cash flows from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition are below the asset’s carrying value, then the asset is deemed to be impaired and written down to its fair value.

There was no impairment charge recognized for long-lived assets for the six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures requires disclosure of the fair value of financial instruments held by the Company. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A three-level fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. The hierarchy requires entities to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The three levels of inputs used to measure fair value are as follows:

For the Company’s financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, notes receivable, other receivables, accounts payable, other current liabilities, notes payable and bank loans, the carrying amounts approximate their fair values due to their short maturities as of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023.

The Company noted no transfers between levels during any of the periods presented. The Company did not have any instruments that were measured at fair value on a recurring nor non-recurring basis as of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023.

Sales revenue represents the invoiced value of goods, net of VAT. All of the Company’s products are sold in the PRC and are subject to a VAT on the gross sales price. The Company is subject to a VAT rate of 17% before May 1, 2018, a VAT rate of 16% effective on May 1, 2018, and the most current VAT rate of 13% effective on April 1, 2019. The VAT may be offset by VAT paid by the Company on raw materials and other materials included in the cost of producing or acquiring its finished products.

The Company adopted ASC Topic 606 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”) on October 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective approach. There is no adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings at October 1, 2018, since there was no change to the timing and pattern of revenue recognition upon adoption of ASC 606. Under ASC 606, revenue is recognized when control of promised goods or services is transferred to the Company’s customers in an amount of consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services and is recorded net of value-added tax (“VAT”). To achieve that core principle, the Company applies the following steps:

Step 1: Identify the contract (s) with a customer

Step 2: Identify the performance obligations in the contract

Step 3: Determine the transaction price

Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract

Step 5: Recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation

The Company derives its revenues from two sources: (1) revenue from sales of steel piping products, (2) revenue from production service.

The Company considers customer purchase orders, which in some cases are governed by master sales agreements, to be the contracts with a customer. As part of its consideration of the contract, the Company evaluates certain factors including the customer’s ability to pay (or credit risk). For each contract, the Company considers the promise to transfer products, each of which are distinct, to be the identified performance obligations. In the principal versus agent consideration, since no another party is involved in transactions, the Company is a principal.

In determining the transaction price, the Company evaluates whether the price is subject to refund or adjustment to determine the net consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled. As the Company’s standard payment terms are less than one year, the Company has elected the practical expedient under ASC 606-10-32-18 to not assess whether a contract has a significant financing component.

The Company does not routinely permit customers to return products, while in certain conditions product changes are allowed. The customer does not have the option to purchase the warranty separately. Also, the warranty does not provide a service to the customer beyond fixing defects that existed at the time of sale. Thus, the warranty is assurance-type, and historically customer returns have been immaterial.

Sales revenue is recognized when control of the product is transferred to the customer (i.e., when the Company’s performance obligation is satisfied at a point in time). The Company sells its products either under free onboard (“FOB”) shipping point term or under FOB destination term. For sales under FOB shipping point term, the Company recognize revenues when products are loaded on the ships. Product delivery is evidenced by warehouse shipping logs as well as assigned shipping bills from the shipping companies. For sales under FOB destination term, the Company recognize revenues when the products are delivered and accepted by customers. Product delivery is evidenced by signed receipt documents and title transfers upon delivery. Prices are determined based on negotiations with the Company’s customers and are not subject to adjustment. As a result, the Company expects returns to be minimal.

The Company identifies the product processing agreement as contract. For each contract, the Company considers the promise to provide production service, each of which are distinct, to be the identified performance obligations. In the principal versus agent consideration, since no another party is involved in transactions, the Company is a principal. The transaction price is clearly stated on the contract and not subject to adjustment. Production service revenue is recognized when production order is completed and transferred to customers.

Contract costs

Contract costs include contract acquisition costs and contract fulfillment costs which are all recorded within prepayments, deposits, and other assets in the consolidated balance sheets.

Contract acquisition costs consist of incremental costs incurred by the Company to originate contracts with customers. Contract acquisition costs, which generally include costs that are only incurred as a result of obtaining a contract, are capitalized when the incremental costs are expected to be recovered over the contract period. All other costs incurred regardless of obtaining a contract are expensed as incurred. Contract acquisition costs are amortized over the period the costs are expected to contribute directly or indirectly to future cash flows, which is generally over the contract term, on a basis consistent with the transfer of goods or services to the customer to which the costs relate. Contract fulfillments costs consist of costs incurred by the Company to fulfill a contract with a customer and are capitalized when the costs generate or enhance resources that will be used in satisfying future performance obligations of the contract and the costs are expected to be recovered. Capitalized contract fulfillment costs generally include contracted services, direct labor, materials, and allocable overhead directly related to resources required to fulfill the contract. Contract fulfillment costs are recognized in cost of revenue during the period that the related costs are expected to contribute directly or indirectly to future cash flows, which is generally over the contract term, on a basis consistent with the transfer of goods or services to the customer to which the costs are related. There were no contract fulfillment cost and contract acquisition costs as of March 31, 2024 and 2023.

Contract balance

The Company does not have amounts of contract assets since revenue is recognized at a point in time. Contract liabilities are presented as advance from customers on the consolidated balance sheet. Contract liabilities are recognized when the Company receives prepayment from customers resulting from purchase order or product processing agreement. Contract liabilities will be recognized as revenue when the products are delivered. As of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023 the balance of advance from customers amounted to $1,555,932 and $3,408,717, respectively. For the six-month ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the beginning balance of advance from customers of $2,639,083 and $ 2,936,772 were recognized as revenue when the products are delivered.

Government grants are recognized when received and all the conditions for their receipt have been met.

Government grants for compensation for expenses or losses already incurred or for the purpose of giving immediate financial support to the Company with no future related cost are recognized in profit or loss in the period in which they become receivable.

For the six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company received government grants for expenses of $584,671, and $333,999, respectively. The grants were recorded as other income in the consolidated statements for income. 

Research and development activities are directed toward the development of new products as well as improvements in existing processes. These costs, which primarily include salaries, contract services and supplies, are expensed as incurred.

Shipping and handling costs are expensed when incurred and are included in selling, general and administrative expense. Shipping and handling costs were $750,055 and $502,826 for the six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and are included in selling, general and administrative expense. Advertising costs were $143,932 and $56,507 for the six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method whereby it calculates deferred tax assets or liabilities for temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements, net operating loss carry forwards and credits by applying enacted tax rates applicable to the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be reversed or settled. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Current income taxes are provided for in accordance with the laws of the relevant taxing authorities. The components of the deferred tax assets and liabilities are individually classified as non-current amounts.

The Company records uncertain tax positions in accordance with ASC 740 on the basis of a two-step process whereby (1) the Company determines whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained on the basis of the technical merits of the position and (2) for those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, the Company recognizes the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority.

To the extent applicable, the Company records interest and penalties as other expense. All of the tax returns of the Company’s PRC subsidiaries remain subject to examination by PRC tax authorities for five years from the date of filing. The fiscal years for tax purpose in PRC is December 31.

The Company and its subsidiaries are not subject to U.S. tax laws and local state tax laws. The Company’s income and that of its related entities must be computed in accordance with Chinese and foreign tax laws, as applicable, and all of which may be changed in a manner that could adversely affect the amount of distributions to shareholders. There can be no assurance that Income Tax Laws of PRC will not be changed in a manner that adversely affects shareholders. In particular, any such change could increase the amount of tax payable by the Company, reducing the amount available to pay dividends to the holders of the Company’s ordinary shares.

Earnings (loss) per share is calculated in accordance with ASC 260 Earnings per Share. Basic earnings (loss) per share is computed by dividing the net income (loss) attributable to shareholders of the Company by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the year. Diluted earnings per share is computed in accordance with the treasury stock method and based on the weighted average number of ordinary shares and dilutive common share equivalents. Dilutive common share equivalents are excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share if their effects would be anti-dilutive. There were no dilutive common share equivalents outstanding for the six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

Exchange Rate Risks

The Company operates in PRC, which may give rise to significant foreign currency risks mainly from fluctuations and the degree of volatility of foreign exchange rates between the USD and the RMB.

Currency Convertibility Risks

Substantially all of the Company’s operating activities are transacted in RMB, which is not freely convertible into foreign currencies. All foreign exchange transactions take place either through the People’s Bank of China or other banks authorized to buy and sell foreign currencies at the exchange rates quoted by the People’s Bank of China. Approval of foreign currency payments by the People’s Bank of China or other regulatory institutions requires submitting a payment application form together with other information such as suppliers’ invoices, shipping documents and signed contracts.

Concentration of Credit Risks

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risks consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, notes receivable. As of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, none of the Company’s bank accounts are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance. To limit the exposure to credit risk relating to deposits, the Company primarily places deposits with large financial institutions in China which management believes are of high credit quality and the Company also continually monitors their credit worthiness. Cash balances in bank accounts in PRC are protected under Deposit Protection Scheme in accordance with the Deposit Protection Scheme Ordinance. The maximum protection is up to RMB500,000 per depositor per Scheme member, including both principal and interest. Concentration of credit risks with respect to accounts receivables is linked to the concentration of revenue. To manage credit risk, the Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of customers’ financial condition.

Interest Rate Risks

The Company is subject to interest rate risk. The Company has bank interest bearing loans charged at variable interest rates. Some bank interest bearing loans are charged at fixed interest rates within the reporting period, the Company is subject to the risk of adverse changes in the interest rates charged by the banks when these loans are refinanced.

Risks and Uncertainties

The operations of the Company are located in the PRC. Accordingly, the Company’s business, financial condition, and results of operations may be influenced by political, economic, and legal environments in the PRC, as well as by the general state of the PRC economy. The Company’s results may be adversely affected by changes in the political, regulatory and social conditions in the PRC. Although the Company has not experienced losses from these situations and believes that it is in compliance with existing laws and regulations including its organization and structure disclosed in Note 1, this may not be indicative of future results.

Liquidity Risks

Our primary sources of liquidity consist of existing cash balances, cash flows from our operating activities and availability under our revolving credit facility. Our ability to generate sufficient cash flows from our operating activities is primarily dependent on our sales of steel pipe, tube and ancillary products to our customers at margins sufficient to cover fixed and variable expenses. 

As of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents of $7,803,550 and $20,192,460, respectively. We believe that our current cash, cash to be generated from our operations and access to loans from our related parties will be sufficient to meet our working capital needs for at least the next twelve months. However, we do not have any amounts committed to be provided by our related party. We plan to expand our business to implement our growth strategies in our existing market and strengthen our position in the marketplace. To do so, we will need more capital through equity financing to increase our production and meet market demands.

The Company considers the applicability and impact of all accounting standards updates (“ASUs”). Management periodically reviews new accounting standards that are issued. Under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, as amended (the “JOBS Act”), the Company meets the definition of an emerging growth company and has elected the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards, which delays the adoption of accounting standards until they would apply to private companies.

New Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted

In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) 2016-13, “Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments”, which requires entities to measure all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. This replaces the existing incurred loss model and is applicable to the measurement of credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early application is permitted for all entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. As an emerging growth company, the provisions of ASC 326 shall be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company adopted the new standard beginning October 1, 2023 using the modified retrospective transaction method. The impact of adopting the new standard was not material to the consolidated financial statements.

New Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07 “Segment Reporting (Topic 280)”. The amendment in this ASU is intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The amendments also require a public entity to disclose the title and position of the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measures of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. For a public entity with a single reportable segment, the ASU requires the entity to provide all the disclosures required by the amendments in the ASU and all existing segment disclosures in Topic 280. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company will adopt this ASU on October 1, 2024. The Company does not expect the adoption to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09 “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures”. The ASU requires that public business entities on an annual basis (1) disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and (2) provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold (if the effect of those reconciling items is equal to or greater than 5 percent of the amount computed by multiplying pretax income or loss by the applicable statutory income tax rate). The ASU is effective for public business entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. For entities other than public business entities, the amendments are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2025. The Company will adopt this ASU on October 1, 2026. The Company does not expect the adoption to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Except as mentioned above, the Company does not believe other recently issued but not yet effective accounting standards, if currently adopted, would have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, statements of income and comprehensive income and statements of cash flows.