RSVR Reservoir Media Inc

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(MARK ONE)

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023

OR

 ☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the transition period from                  to

Commission file number: 001-39795

200 Varick Street

Suite 801A

New York, New York 10014

(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

(212) 675-0541

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☐ Yes ☒ No

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act ☐ Yes ☒ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒  No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity of the registrant held by non-affiliates, computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold, as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter was approximately $99,230,306.

As of May 26, 2023, there were 64,538,133 shares of Common Stock of Reservoir Media, Inc. issued and outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

The information required by Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, to the extent not set forth herein, is incorporated by reference to the registrant’s definitive proxy statement relating to the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year to which this Annual Report on Form 10-K relates.

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RESERVOIR MEDIA, INC.

FORM 10-K FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED MARCH 31, 2023

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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains certain information that may constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), that are not historical facts, and are intended to be covered by the safe harbor created thereby. All statements, other than statements of historical fact included in this Annual Report including, without limitation, statements in this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” regarding the Company’s financial position, business strategy and the plans and objectives of management for future operations, are forward-looking statements. Words such as “expect,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “predict,” “project,” “target,” “goal,” “intend,” “continue,” “could,” “may,” “might,” “shall,” “should,” “will,” “would,” “plan,” “possible,” “potential,” “estimate,” “seek”, “ongoing”, “objective” and variations and similar words and expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking. In addition, any statements that refer to expectations, projections, forecasts or other characterizations of future events or circumstances, including any underlying assumptions, are forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking statements relate to future events or future performance, but reflect management’s current expectations, projections and beliefs based on information currently available. These forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions about the Company that may cause its actual business, financial condition, results of operations, performance and/or achievements to be materially different from any future business, financial condition, results of operations, performance and/or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. For Reservoir, particular uncertainties that could cause our actual results to be materially different than those expressed in our forward-looking statements include, without limitation:

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Factors that might cause or contribute to such a discrepancy include, but are not limited to, those described in Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors,” and actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements. The Company’s securities filings can be accessed on the EDGAR section of the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. Except as expressly required by applicable securities law, the Company disclaims any intention or obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

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In 2012, we acquired the 30,000 copyright-strong Reverb Music and its roster of active songwriters. This catalog further diversified our holdings in the United Kingdom (“U.K.”) and added film and television music, such as the theme for the “Got Talent” franchise. We also acquired the FS Media collection of catalogs in 2014, thereby adding high quality American music with the catalogs of Sheryl Crow, John Denver, Billy Strayhorn, Evanescence and Creed to the repertoire. This acquisition included evergreen hits, such as “Take Me Home, Country Roads,” and extended our portfolio back to the 1930s with titles by legendary jazz musician Duke Ellington, such as “Take The A Train.”

In 2015, the opportunity arose for us to invest in the royalty streams of Hans Zimmer’s portfolio of film scores dating back to 1989’s “Driving Miss Daisy” and including greats such as The Lion King, Gladiator, the Dark Knight franchise and others. This enabled us to be in business with one of the most prolific contemporary composers and complement our music catalog with music for film. Since then we have built up our film score business through other acquisitions, such as Shapiro Bernstein in 2020, which included rights to Lawrence of Arabia and others classic films, or Hearts Bluff in 2020, which included rights to Clueless. In 2020, we created a frontline film production music investment initiative with the Atlantic Screen Group. Most recently in 2022, we invested in the royalty streams of Henry Jackman’s portfolio of film scores, which included films from the Captain America, Jumanji and Kingsman franchises.

Our acquisitions have added such luminaries as Sonny Rollins, the Commodores, Louis Prima, Bob Crewe, Mannie Fresh, Alabama, and many others. The previously mentioned 2020 acquisitions of the Hearts Bluff collection of catalogs and Shapiro Bernstein, respectively brought iconic titles from the likes of Elvis, Kool & the Gang, Garth Brooks and Roy Orbison, as well as titles from the turn of the century to our portfolio.

In the Recorded Music segment, during 2019, we acquired London-based Blue Raincoat Music Ltd and its label platform Chrysalis Records Ltd. This acquisition added significant recorded music operations to our business, and added the sound recordings of Sinead O’Connor, The Specials, Generation X, The Waterboys and Go West. In addition, in June 2021, we entered into a membership interest purchase agreement to acquire United States (“U.S.”)based record label and music publishing company Tommy Boy Music, LLC (“Tommy Boy”), which helped launch the careers of Queen Latifah, Afrika Bambaataa, Digital Underground, Coolio, De La Soul, House of Pain and Naughty By Nature.

In the past five years, we have focused on being a wholistic music company and have strategically expanded to include management services through Big Life Management and Blue Raincoat Artists in the U.K. In tandem with this diversification, we have focused on emerging markets, which are expected to be responsible for much of the future growth in the music industry. To this end, we acquired a stake in PopArabia in January 2020 with a focus on signing artists, acquiring catalogs and establishing a rights management company in the Middle East and North Africa (“MENA”) region. We have executed on these strategic initiatives and expect substantial growth from PopArabia in the years to come.

We have also focused on populating an active songwriter roster. We understand that participating in the contemporary music marketplace at a high level can contribute to capturing market share and create ancillary marketing and licensing opportunities for the rest of the catalog. Today, our active roster is responsible for some of the biggest hits by some of the most well-known artists around the world.

Through the initiatives above, we have deployed over $722 million in capital through acquisitions and currently represent over 150,000 copyrights in our publishing business and over 36,000 master recordings in our recorded music business.

Industry Overview

The global music entertainment industry is experiencing significant growth. Within the larger music entertainment space, the music publishing and recorded music industries are thriving, driven by powerful tailwinds.

Streaming was the key driver for industry growth in 2022. According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (“IFPI”), ad-supported streaming revenue grew by 17% between 2021 and 2022. Subscription streaming grew by 10% over the same period, adding $1.2 billion of revenue to 2021’s figure. This growth has been driven by an increase in subscribers and usage alike. As music has become more accessible, consumers today listen to more music on more platforms than ever before. The total number of music subscribers globally was 589 million in 2022, a 16% increase from 2021. According to Luminate (formerly MRC Data), global on-demand audio song streams increased by approximately 26% year-over-year in 2021. All generations are leveraging streaming to increase their engagement with music. According to Luminate, over 96% of the U.S. population aged 13 to 55 years uses a streaming

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service to listen to music in a typical week and 89% of the “Baby Boomer” generation aged 55 years and over have made the switch to streaming. Platforms such as gaming, home fitness and social media are evolving in ways that integrate premium commercial music into their services – which are all accretive revenue sources to the music industry. The evolution of car entertainment systems from physical media players to streaming connectivity will help drive growth in music subscribers and digital advertising revenue for music services. According to Statista, the number of connected cars on the road is expected to rise from 237 million in 2021 to 400 million in 2025. By 2030, 96% of new vehicles shipped worldwide will be built with internet connectivity.

A new budding market is the metaverse, which Jeffries Financial Group defines as a $2B opportunity for labels by 2025. Thus far, music companies have only participated in limited ways, such as one-off virtual concert events on platforms like Roblox and Fortnite. In the coming years, platforms like Meta will increase the pie, and music companies will increase their share of it through more broad catalog licenses and participation in derivative virtual goods and interactive experiences.

A rebound from COVID-19 continues to drive a return to growth in many traditional music revenue sources. The return of touring contributed to more new music being released in 2021 and 2022, as artists could properly promote a new album with concerts and appearances. This contributed to a 16% year-over-year growth of physical album sales in 2021, which was sustained again with 4% continued growth in 2022, according to the IFPI. In addition to record stores, people continued to return to gyms, bars, restaurants and other retail outlets that have reinstituted their music licenses as they reopen locations. Synchronization revenue reached its highest level ever in 2022 with 22% growth to $640 million. According to the IFPI, the recorded music industry experienced 9% year-over-year growth overall.

Streaming growth in the emerging markets is having an outsized impact on the industry. The IFPI reports that China is now the fifth largest music market, entering the top 10 global markets for the first time in history. Brazil also moved into the top 10, re-entering the list at number 9. While all global regions experienced growth for the second year in a row, the strongest growth came from Sub-Saharan Africa (35%), Latin America (26%), and the MENA region (24%) in 2022.

We believe recent developments suggest that streaming pricing may have room for further optimization. Beyond growth in paying subscribers, we believe there is an opportunity for streaming revenues to further expand with pricing increases over time. As consumers grow to appreciate the value proposition of streaming, streaming services will explore premium product initiatives. This is supported by streaming services’ ongoing efforts to experiment with pricing increases in recent years. In April 2021, Spotify raised its prices for some of its premium subscription offerings across some of the major markets, including the U.S., the U.K.and parts of Europe. Previously in 2018, Spotify increased monthly prices for its services in Norway. In 2019, Amazon launched its high-quality audio streaming offering, Amazon Music HD, for a premium price in the U.S. In 2022, Apple Music increased prices of its student plans in the U.S., the U.K. and Canada, and Amazon Music Unlimited increased the prices of both its individual and family subscriptions plans. We believe the strong and growing appetite for streaming services, as well as the demonstrated pricing power of premium streaming services, presents a significant opportunity for growth for the music entertainment industry.

Moreover, it has always been true that consumer engagement with music goes beyond the music itself - consumers care about the musicians as well. Today, consumers have greater access to artists with the advent of social media. According to Statista, as of January 2023, five out of the top ten most followed accounts on Twitter belonged to musicians and, according to YouTube, the majority of videos that have achieved more than one billion lifetime views, as well as the majority of the most popular videos of all time, include music.

In addition to their growing popularity with consumers, these emerging music monetization platforms are now proactively engaging with the music entertainment industry to properly compensate rightsholders for use of music. For example, in July 2020, TikTok announced a multi-year agreement with the U.S. National Music Publishers’ Association (NMPA), which also covers past use of musical works. Separately, Facebook’s gaming platform entered into a new multi-year licensing agreement with the major record labels (i.e., Universal Music Group, Sony Music Group and Warner Music Group) in September 2020. In the first half of 2020, Peloton agreed to settle a lawsuit brought by music publishers for approximately $49 million, according to Peloton’s public filings. In 2021, Roblox settled a lawsuit initiated by independent music publishers for approximately $36 million. We believe these emerging music monetization platforms are now a permanent part of the music entertainment industry and have helped expand access to and listenership of music globally.

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Positive Regulatory Trends

Increased government intervention to curb piracy and improve monetization rates for content owners helps secure the future of the industry. Government interventions in the U.S. and the European Union (“EU”) are expected to result in increased revenues for the music entertainment industry, at least in the near-term.

Music Modernization Act (the “MMA”) In 2018, the U.S. enacted the MMA, which resulted in reforms to music licensing through the regulation of digital music services’ relationships to content owners. This includes improving the way digital music services procure mechanical licenses, requiring digital radio services, such as SiriusXM and Pandora, to make royalty payments to recording artists for recordings before 1972, and providing for direct payments of royalties owed to producers, mixers and engineers when their original works are streamed on non-interactive webcasting services.

Copyright Royalty Board (the “CRB”) Also in 2018, the U.S. CRB issued an updated slate of royalty rates and terms. This ruling by the CRB included increased publishing royalty rates for musical compositions in the U.S. from 2018 through 2022. While this decision was vacated in part on appeal in August 2020, the case was remanded back to the CRB for further proceedings. In 2018, the CRB also significantly increased the royalty rates for sound recordings in the U.S. paid by SiriusXM from 2018 through 2022, and the MMA extended the term of this increase through 2027. In 2022, The National Music Publishers’ Association (“NMPA”), the Nashville Songwriters Association International (“NSAI”) and the Digital Media Association (“DiMA”) announced a settlement regarding the U.S. mechanical streaming rates for 2023-2027. The agreement sets the headline royalty rate for this period at 15.35% of total revenue, which will be introduced gradually over the course of the five-year term. Earlier in 2022, songwriters and publishers won a raise in streaming headline royalty rates from 10.5% to 15.1% over the 2018-2022 period. The headline rates escalate from 15.15% of total revenue in 2023 to 15.2% in 2024 and then increases in each of the next three years, peaking at 15.35% in 2027. This settlement will also change other key factors in U.S. mechanical streaming rates, including increases to per-subscriber minimums and Total Content Costs (“TCC”).

European Union Copyright Directive. In 2019, the EU passed legislation to protect music rightsholders and recording artists. Specifically, the European Union Copyright Directive was designed to limit safe harbors from liability for copyright infringement and to ensure that rightsholders and recording artists are remunerated fairly when their music is shared online by user-uploaded content services, such as YouTube.

Music Publishing

The music publishing industry involves the identification and development of songwriters to create, market and promote compositions, as well as licensing and acquisition of rights in musical compositions from content owners (e.g., publishers, songwriters, composers and other rightsholders). According to Music & Copyright, the music publishing industry generated $8.1 billion in revenues worldwide in 2022, representing an increase of 17.7% from 2021, and a compound average annual growth rate of 10.5% since 2017. Music publishing royalties include, among other types, mechanical, performance, synchronization and digital.

Recorded Music

The recorded music industry involves the identification and development of artists to create, market and promote recordings (i.e., a specific recording of a composition). According to the IFPI, the recorded music industry generated $26.2 billion of revenue globally in 2022, reflecting year-over-year growth of 9% and a compound annual growth rate of 11% since 2018. The recorded music industry generates revenues from various royalty types, including digital (which includes streaming), physical, synchronization and performance rights. Digital revenues reflect the largest and fastest growing category of recorded music revenues, reaching $18.5 billion in 2022, reflecting a compound annual growth rate of 15% since 2018 and 71% of global recorded music revenues in 2022. Within digital revenues, streaming is by far the largest driver, accounting for approximately 95% of digital revenues in 2022, reflecting a compound annual growth of nearly 19% since 2018.

Physical revenues are generated from the physical reproduction and distribution of copyrighted works. Revenue from physical sales totaled $4.6 billion in 2022, representing 18% of global recorded music revenues in 2022 (as compared to 24% of global recorded music revenues in 2018). Performance rights royalties are generated from the use of recorded music by broadcasters and public venues, representing approximately 9% of global recorded music revenues in 2022. Synchronization royalties are generated by the use of

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recorded music in advertisements, film, video games, television and other content, representing approximately 2% of global recorded music revenues in 2022.

Our Competitive Strengths

Value Enhancement

We believe our marketing and licensing efforts yield ongoing value enhancement across our catalog of copyrights and master recordings. Our synchronization team is comprised of 11 people worldwide dedicated to marketing and licensing our music for use in films, trailers, television shows, advertisements and video games. For the year ended March 31, 2023, our synchronization income accounted for 15% of our total revenues. Digital licensing is an area we embraced early on in 2012 as the first independent publisher to strike a direct deal with YouTube. Digital licensing also extends to the digital service providers, social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat and TikTok, in addition to in-home fitness products, such as Peloton and Apple Fitness+. These are all music distribution vehicles, which are now distributing content with licensed copyrights.

Creative and Artists and Repertoire Services

We continue to attract and source top talent with our creative and artists and repertoire (“A&R”) teams, coupled with the high-quality creators who already call Reservoir their publishing home. Longstanding collaboration between our clients and our creative and A&R teams, who nurture their talents and careers, has resulted in numerous chart-topping hits of critical and commercial acclaim. Our creative and A&R teams are further complemented by our marketing services team, which provides high-touch, bespoke services.

Platform Positioned for Growth

Our investment in infrastructure has allowed us to continue scaling our Music Publishing business with minimal impact on our operating expenses. Within our Recorded Music business, we have successfully completed and integrated the acquisitions of Chrysalis Records in the U.K. and Tommy Boy Records in the U.S. and expect to be well-positioned to ingest additional master recordings into our platform resulting in operating leverage as we scale.

Well-Positioned to Capitalize on the Growth of the International Music Industry Driven by Streaming

As the global music industry continues to benefit from a sustained expansion, we believe our catalog of evergreen hits and active artist and songwriter roster with expertise in chart-topping music positions us to capitalize on the positive industry tailwinds. In its 2023 Global Music Report, the IFPI confirmed that 2022 marked an eighth consecutive year of growth for the global recorded music industry. The year-over-year growth of 9% for 2022 was driven primarily by streaming, which grew 12% in revenue. The 589 million users of paid subscription accounts in 2022 represented an annual increase of 10% and generated $12.7 billion, or 48% of global recorded music revenues.

Emerging Markets Presence and Investments in Local Content

While the top ten global markets grew revenue by 7% last year, markets outside of the top ten outpaced them with 18% revenue growth in 2022. The fastest growing regions in the world included Asia (excluding Japan), which experienced 25% revenue growth, and MENA, which recorded 24% growth in 2022. Reservoir’s stake in PopArabia has put us in a strong position to be on the frontline to capture the growth in MENA. Since we made this investment, we have already signed artists and acquired catalogs from India and the MENA region, ranging from indie tastemakers like Zeid Hamdan to regional superstars like Mohamed Ramadan. We have also established the subsidiary ESMAA, which is a United Arab Emirates-based rights management entity working with global music rights organizations, music publishers, songwriters, record labels and artists to ensure their music and rights are fully administered and licensed in the region. In its first full year of operation, Fiscal 2022, ESMAA licensed several key music users for the first time, including a broad, multimillion dollar license with EXPO 2020 in Dubai.

We continue to be focused on acquiring and developing music content in the emerging markets to capture the higher expected growth in such regions and diversify our catalog with both global and regional content. The convergence of consumers’ increased access to music and our participation in content, will allow us to maximize the emerging market opportunity. We are also interested in the

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global movement of sound and talent and will look to play a pivotal role in exporting and importing talent from one geography to the next and create global collaborative opportunities for our roster.

Experienced Leadership Team

The team is extremely experienced in the music entertainment business, with a firm commitment to executing on its strategy on an ongoing basis. Reservoir has sustained no management turnover since inception, creating a team that has been working together long-term, is incentivized to continue to scale the business and takes pride in their team, their clients and the company.

Advocacy and Education

Protecting the livelihoods of creators is at the core of our ethos. We have Board representation at leading industry non- profits across the globe including MusiCares, Songwriters Hall of Fame, Silkroad, the National Music Publishers Association, Mechanical Licensing Collective, International Confederation of Music Publishers (“ICMP”), and the Independent Music Publishers International Forum, where we lead the charge on advocating for songwriter rights, artist rights and fair compensation. Our service on these boards has resulted in over $13 million in settlements over the last five years, and we will continue to look at digital platforms that are distributing content while infringing on music copyrights. We additionally support numerous charitable organizations founded by our roster, including Creative Waves Foundation, TRU Foundation and Sharethewrd.

In addition, we are committed to preserving the legacies of creators, so their music is heard for generations to come. To that end, we also develop and support several educational initiatives with leading universities, through which the students learn about our legacy artists and their catalogs, ensuring that the music lives on. These collaborations are ongoing at New York University and Drexel University. Our staff also lends their time at leading global educational institutions to invest in the next generation of business leaders. Our founder and CEO Golnar Khosrowshahi lectured at Columbia Business School for the Foundations of Entrepreneurship class, while other staff members have lectured or taught at New York University, Syracuse University and Buckinghamshire New University, among others. Reservoir has also recently begun an educational program with The Door, a non-profit that provides youth development services ranging from health services, legal assistance, GED classes, job training, supportive housing, meals, and recreational activities with a focus on the arts.

Our Environmental, Social, and Governance (“ESG”) Efforts

Reservoir is the first female-founded and led publicly traded independent music company in the U.S. We understand the importance of building a community of talent while also providing new opportunities to promote and share their work on a global scale. The concept of community extends deep into our corporate culture – through our commitment to being an environmentally conscious corporate citizen, to fostering a culture of inclusiveness among our employees, to managing and ultimately governing our business in a responsible way. The strength of our business is in our community - our team, our roster of talent and our commitment to bringing music to those with limited access to it. Internally, this means that we have a diverse workforce with a culture of accountability and inclusiveness. We believe our success is driven by these values, which extend to both creatively pursuing opportunities for our existing roster of artists and to finding new talent. Our business model has limited physical assets by design, which in turn allows for a minimal carbon footprint in our day-to-day operations. Despite this advantage, we continue to evaluate methods to reduce our environmental impact, including on the physical spaces in which we operate.

Our Growth Strategies

M&A

Asset and company acquisitions have been our path to growth since inception. We plan to continue to execute on our highly disciplined and sophisticated approach to M&A strategy of acquiring high-quality copyrights and recordings, including executing complicated transactions on an off-market basis at an attractive return and capitalizing on upside potential with our value enhancement capabilities.

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Active Songwriter and Artist Roster

We will continue to expand our active songwriter and artist roster. Our creative services, the existing roster and our value enhancement platform all contribute to our ability to attract world-class talent across genres. We remain focused on unique talent that represents diversity across a variety of genres and sounds. We also partner with our clients to create new music, some of which tops the biggest music charts, helping to grow our presence in the contemporary music marketplace and achieve increased market share.

Listenership

While we are firmly rooted in the music business, we also acknowledge that we are, more broadly, in the business of listenership and are interested in owning content to which people are actively or passively listening. As such, we will continue to evaluate opportunities that allow us to own film score and production music content. We are interested in seeing how listening habits will shift over time, as consumers balance the time they spend listening to music with the time allocated to other kinds of content, such as podcasts or social media platforms. To this end, we expect to continue to explore these alternative avenues in the business of listenership, making investments such as our April 2021 investment in Audio Up Media a company focused on original podcast content featuring premium music.

Embrace Commercial Innovation with New Digital Distributors and Partners

Over the past several years, we have seen significant licensing growth from in-home fitness platforms, with new licenses issued to Peloton, Hydrow and Apple Fitness+. We expect our licensing volume to increase and extend to new market entrants in this area, in addition to new digital platforms across social media, non-fungible tokens (“NFTs”) and other categories, such as online gaming platforms. These licenses and the associated revenues are on balance accretive to our overall revenues, and we view being on the forefront of digital licensing to be a significant growth area for us. Our strategy is equally focused on the active issuance of licenses, and the pursuit of copyright infringement, with an eye on resolution and the establishment of mechanisms for future licensing and monetization.

Music Publishing

In return for promoting, placing, marketing and administering the creative output of a songwriter, or engaging in those activities for other rightsholders, our Music Publishing business garners a share of the revenues generated from use of the musical compositions.

The operations of our Music Publishing business are conducted through all our offices, as well as various subsidiaries and sub-publishers. We own or control rights to more than 150,000 compositions as of March 31, 2023, including numerous pop hits, American standards and motion picture and theatrical compositions. Assembled over decades, our award-winning catalog includes over 5,000 clients as of March 31, 2023 and boasts a diverse range of genres, including pop, rock, jazz, classical, country, R&B, hip-hop, rap, reggae, Latin, folk, blues, symphonic, soul, Broadway, techno, alternative and gospel.

Royalties

As a copyright owner and administrator of musical compositions, we are entitled to receive royalties for the use of musical compositions. We continually add new musical compositions to our catalog and seek to acquire rights in musical compositions that will generate substantial revenues over the long term.

Music publishers generally receive royalties pursuant to public performance, digital, mechanical, synchronization and other licenses. In the U.S., music publishers collect and administer mechanical royalties, and statutory rates are established pursuant to the U.S. Copyright Act of 1976, as amended, for the royalty rates applicable to musical compositions for sale and licensing of recordings embodying those musical compositions. In the U.S., public performance income is administered and collected by music publishers and their performing rights organizations and, in most countries outside the U.S., collection, administration and allocation of both mechanical and performance income are undertaken and regulated by governmental or quasi-governmental authorities. Throughout the world, each synchronization license is generally subject to negotiation with a prospective licensee, and music publishers pay a contractually required percentage of synchronization income to the songwriters or their heirs and to any co-publishers.

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We acquire copyrights or portions of copyrights and administration rights from songwriters or other third-party holders of rights in musical compositions. As an owner and administrator of musical compositions, we promote the use of those musical compositions by others. For example, we encourage recording artists to record and include our musical compositions on their recordings, offer opportunities to include our musical compositions in filmed entertainment, advertisements and digital media and advocate for the use of our musical compositions in live stage productions. Examples of music that generate music publishing revenue include, among others:

Performance - performance of the song to the general public

Digital - licensing of recorded music in various digital formats and digital performance of musical compositions to the general public

Mechanical - sale of recorded music in various physical formats

Synchronization - use of the musical composition in combination with visual images

Other

In the U.S., mechanical royalties are collected directly by music publishers, from The Mechanical Licensing Collective (the “MLC”), the nonprofit organization designated by the U.S. Copyright Office to distribute mechanical royalties for streaming and downloads pursuant to the MMA, recorded music companies or via The Harry Fox Agency, a non-exclusive licensing agent affiliated with the Society of European Stage Authors and Composers (“SESAC”). Outside the U.S., mechanical royalties are collected directly by music publishers or from collecting societies.

Throughout the world, publishers collect performance royalties directly or on behalf of music publishers and songwriters by performance rights organizations and collecting societies. Key performing rights organizations and collecting societies include:

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The societies pay a percentage (which is set in each country) of the performance royalties to the copyright owner(s) or administrators (i.e., the publisher(s)), referred to in the industry as the “publisher’s share”, and a percentage directly to the songwriter(s) referred to in the industry as the “writer’s share”, of the composition. Typically, the percentage split is 50% to the publisher’s share and 50% to the writer’s share, but this can vary. Thus, the publisher generally retains the performance royalties corresponding to its share of the work, other than any amounts they are contractually required to pay through to their clients (other publishers or writers).

Composers’ and Lyricists’ Contracts

We derive our rights through contracts with composers, lyricists (songwriters) or their heirs and with third-party music publishers. In some instances, those contracts grant either 100% or some lesser percentage of copyright ownership in musical compositions and/or administration rights. In other instances, those contracts only convey to us rights to administer musical compositions for a period of time without conveying a copyright ownership interest. Our contracts grant us exclusive use rights in the jurisdictions concerned excepting any pre-existing arrangements. Many of our contracts grant us rights on a global basis. We customarily possess administration rights for every musical composition created by the writer or composer during the exclusive acquisition term of the contract.

While the duration of the administration rights under contracts may vary, some of our contracts grant us ownership and/or administration rights for the duration of copyright. See “—Intellectual Property - Copyrights.” U.S. copyright law permits authors or their estates to terminate an assignment or license of copyright (for the U.S. only) after a set period of time. See “Risk Factors - Risks Related to Intellectual Property and Data Security - Reservoir faces a potential loss of catalog to the extent that its recording artists have a right to recapture rights in their recordings under the U.S. Copyright Act.”

Recorded Music

Our Recorded Music business consists of three types of sound recording rights ownership. The first type is the active marketing, promotion, distribution, sale and licensing of newly created frontline sound recordings from current artists. The second type is the active marketing, promotion, distribution, sale and licensing of previously recorded and subsequently acquired catalog recordings. The third type is the acquisition of full or partial interests in existing record labels, sound recording catalogs or income rights to a royalty stream associated with an established recording artist or producer. Acquisition of these income participation interests is typically in connection with recordings that are owned, controlled and marketed by the major record labels.

Our frontline and catalog Recorded Music businesses are primarily handled by our Chrysalis Records team in London with U.S. marketing support from the Reservoir team. Our Recorded Music income participation interests, including Tommy Boy, are primarily managed by the Reservoir team in New York.

Our frontline and catalog Recorded Music distribution is handled by a network of distribution partners that currently includes Proper, PIAS, Secretly, Alliance and MERLIN. All of these distributors market, distribute and sell products of independent labels and artists to digital music services, retail and wholesale distributors and various distribution centers and ventures operating internationally. Secretly and PIAS use select physical product distributors to sell our CDs and vinyl, such as Cinram in Europe and Alliance in the U.S. We also distribute select recordings and video products, including the Tommy Boy catalog, directly to digital music services through licenses we secure via our membership with MERLIN. MERLIN is one of the top global digital rights agencies in the world, negotiating licenses on behalf of many independent record labels, distributors and other music rightsholders.

Through our distribution network, our music is being sold in physical retail outlets, as well as via online retailers, such as amazon.com, and distributed in digital form to an ever-expanding universe of digital partners including streaming services, such as Amazon, Apple, Deezer, SoundCloud, Spotify, Tencent Music Entertainment Group and YouTube, radio services, such as iHeart Radio, Pandora and SiriusXM, and download services. We also license music digitally to fitness platforms, such as Apple Fitness+, Equinox, Hydrow and Peloton, as well as to social media outlets, such as Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, TikTok and Triller.

Recording Artists’ Contracts

Our recording artists’ contracts define the commercial relationship between our recording artists and our record labels. We negotiate recording contracts with recording artists that define our rights to use the recording artists’ music. For recordings that we acquire as part

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of a catalog acquisition, we do not have the ability to negotiate these recording artists’ contracts and, as a result, we step into the position of the previous catalog owner. In accordance with the terms of the recording artists’ contracts, the recording artists receive royalties based on sales and other uses of their music. We customarily provide up-front payments to frontline recording artists, called advances, which are recoupable by us from future amounts otherwise payable to such recording artists. We typically structure agreements with new frontline artists as net profit deals whereby the artist receives a portion of the net profits after deducting all costs from the gross revenue.

Our frontline recording artists’ contracts generally provide for more favorable terms to the recording artist, entitling us to a set number of albums and an exclusive license to exploit those albums for a fixed period of time. In contrast, our catalog recording artists’ contracts typically grant us ownership for the duration of copyright. See “—Intellectual Property - Copyrights.” U.S. copyright law permits authors or their estates to terminate an assignment or license of copyright (for the U.S. only) after a set period of time. See “Risk Factors - Risks Related to Intellectual Property and Data Security - Reservoir faces a potential loss of catalog to the extent that its recording artists have a right to recapture rights in their recordings under the U.S. Copyright.”

Sales and Digital Distribution

We generate revenues from the new releases of frontline artists and our catalog of recordings. In addition, we actively repackage music from our catalog to form new products. Our revenues are generated in digital formats, including streaming and downloads, and the ongoing proliferation of new novel access points like video gaming and social media and physical formats such as CDs, as well as through historical formats, such as vinyl albums.

In connection with the digital distribution of our music, we currently partner with a broad range of digital music services, such as Amazon, Apple, Deezer, Spotify, YouTube and Google, and are actively seeking to develop and grow our digital business. We also sell traditional physical formats through both the online distribution arms of traditional retailers, such as walmart.com, and traditional online physical retailers, such as amazon.com. Streaming services stream our music on an ad-supported or paid subscription basis. In addition, downloading services download our music on a per-album or per-track basis. In digital formats, per-unit costs that relate directly to physical products, such as manufacturing, inventory, and return costs do not apply. While there are some digital-specific variable costs and infrastructure investments needed to produce, market and license digital products, it is reasonable to expect that we will generally derive a higher contribution margin from streaming and downloads than from physical sales.

We or our distributor will enter into license agreements with digital music services to make our music available for access in digital formats (e.g., streaming and downloads). We then provide digital assets for our music to these services in an accessible form. License agreements with these services establish our fees for the distribution of our music, which vary based on the service. We typically receive accounting from these services on a monthly basis, detailing the distribution activity, with payments rendered on a monthly basis. Since the emergence of digital formats, our business has become less seasonal in nature.

Manufacturing, Packaging and Physical Distribution

We have arrangements with various suppliers and distributors as part of our manufacturing, packaging and physical distribution services throughout the world. We believe that these arrangements are sufficient to meet our business needs.

We sell our physical recorded music products through a variety of different retail and wholesale outlets, including music specialty stores, general entertainment specialty stores, supermarkets, mass merchants and discounters, independent retailers and other traditional retailers. Although some of our retailers are specialized, many of our customers offer a substantial range of products other than music.

Most of our physical sales represent purchases by a wholesale or retail distributor. Our sale and return policies are in accordance with wholesale and retail distributor’s requirements, applicable laws and regulations, jurisdictional and customer-specific negotiations and industry practice.

A&R and Creative Partnership

Our staff has years of experience in identifying and contracting with recording artists who become commercially successful. Our ability to select recording artists who are likely to be successful is a key element of our frontline Recorded Music business strategy that targets recording artists who will achieve national, regional and international success. The frontline Recorded Music business line was

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established in 2019 when we acquired Chrysalis Records and relaunched it as an active frontline record label, signing and developing new talent. Our first frontline release went on to receive critical acclaim, a Mercury Award shortlist nomination and a Grammy nomination.

Many of our catalog artists continue to appeal to audiences long after they cease releasing new music. We have an efficient process for sustaining sales across our catalog releases. Our strategy is to maximize the value of our catalog of recorded music through innovative marketing initiatives and we use our catalog as a source of material to curate re-releases, compilations, box sets and special package releases, which provide consumers with incremental exposure to familiar music and recording artists.

Our longstanding relationships within the creative community also provide our recording artists with a wide network of collaborators, which we believe is a vital part of helping them to realize their best work. We provide the investment that supports our recording artists by providing them with the requisite time and space to experiment and flourish. This includes access to a multitude of recording studios around the globe with more to come.

Our Songwriter and Recording Artist Value Proposition

We believe Reservoir’s success is a result of our team, which not only attracts top tier talent to our roster, but also helps that talent build and sustain long and lucrative careers. We stand out from our competitors by constantly strengthening our skill sets, expanding our networks and evolving the comprehensive suite of services we provide. By creating value for our songwriters and recording artists, we create value for ourselves. Our goal is not to be the biggest music entertainment company, but the best one, with music of the highest quality that resonates with audiences across the globe. As such, we believe our top tier Music Publishing and Recorded Music catalogs are vital contributors to the booming music entertainment business.

Below is an overview of the many creative and commercial services we provide to our songwriters and recording artists.

Welcoming Talent

We offer songwriters and recording artists numerous pathways into our ecosystem. Whether it is an up-and-coming songwriter making music in their bedroom, a globally-known superstar artist, or an icon looking to curate a legacy, we offer tailored support and resources.

We are not only searching for immediate hits. We scout and sign talent with the market potential for longevity and lasting impact. As a result, we are constantly investing in new music every year without reducing our commitment to each songwriter and recording artist.

Marketing and Promotion

We are experienced in value enhancement with a proven track record of success in every aspect of marketing and promotion. With direct relationships at every significant digital music service and social media network, as well as radio, press, film, television and retail, we are plugged into the most influential people and platforms for music entertainment. We harness our collective years of experience and the countless transactions executed to gather the insights needed to make meaningful commercial decisions grounded in data-based discipline. Most importantly, we are nimble, which allows us to adapt quickly to changes in how music is consumed to maximize the opportunities for our songwriters and recording artists. For example, with the increased penetration of in-home fitness products and the ongoing proliferation of new novel access points like video gaming and social media platforms, we quickly developed relationships and secured placements and other valuable positioning on these platforms.

We apply a comprehensive and bespoke approach to marketing and promoting our recording artists and their music. No two artists are the same, and our individualized marketing plans reflect this. For our Music Publishing business, our goal is to promote our songwriters’ interest in their music, enhance the value of those copyrights and promote their work and legacies as creators. Our goal for our Recorded Music business is to set up new frontline releases from emerging and established acts for success, while furthering the success of catalog releases and legacy artists. The marketing and promotion of our recorded music assets and releases are carefully coordinated to increase the value of our music and generate sales, while maintaining disciplined budgets. Our marketing team has extensive experience across music publishing and recorded music, which allows us to successfully execute long-term campaigns, while adapting quickly to changes in the marketplace.

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Global Reach and Local Expertise

Our team is distributed across our offices from Los Angeles to Abu Dhabi and operates cohesively as a global team. The small size of our team allows us to be nimble and the geographic distribution enables us to look at music through a culturally relevant lens as necessitated by different regions.

A Broad Universe of Opportunity

Albums, singles, videos and songs are still the primary drivers for our business. But as the demand for music has grown, music has been woven into the fabric of our daily lives in new and increasingly sophisticated ways. It is our job to help our songwriters and recording artists capitalize on this expanding universe.

In our Music Publishing business, we take an active role in expanding the consumption of music, through performance, digital, mechanical, synchronization and the original music publishing revenue stream, sheet music. In our Recorded Music business, beyond digital and physical revenue streams, we provide a wide array of artist services, including merchandise and e-commerce.

The centralization of our technology capabilities and data insights has resulted in increased transparency of our royalty reporting to our songwriters and recording artists. We defend and protect our songwriters’ and recording artists’ creative output by remaining vigilant in the collection of diverse types of royalties around the world and defending against illegitimate and illegal uses of our owned and controlled copyrights.

Representative Sample of Songwriters and Recording Artists

Our Music Publishing business includes musical compositions by:

Our Recorded Music business includes music from:

Competition

We believe we are competitive in the music publishing and recorded music industries because of our strong reputation among creators and content owners and our value enhancement capabilities. In addition to competing against the major music companies, we also compete against other independent music companies, of which there are many. To a lesser extent, we compete with the way consumers use their disposable income for media and entertainment, however many of these alternatives present an opportunity for monetization for our business (e.g., television, motion pictures, and video games - all of which contain and license music).

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The music publishing industry is highly competitive and dominated by three companies. According to Music & Copyright, Sony Music Publishing, Universal Music Publishing and Warner Chappell Music accounted for approximately 60% of the global music publishing revenues in 2022. There are many smaller participants, including individual songwriters who self-publish their work, that collectively accounted for the remaining approximately 40% of the global music publishing revenues.

The recorded music industry is also highly competitive and dominated by three companies. In 2022, the three largest recorded music companies - Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group - accounted for approximately 70% of the global recorded music revenues, according to public company filings and the IFPI. Outside of these three companies, the landscape is highly fragmented with numerous participants that collectively accounted for approximately 30% of the global recorded music market in 2022.

Intellectual Property

Copyrights

Our business rests on our ability to maintain rights in musical compositions and sound recordings through copyright protection.

In the U.S., copyright protection generally lasts for 95 years from first publication or 120 years from creation, whichever expires first, for works created on or after January 1, 1978 as “works made for hire” (i.e., works of employees or certain specially commissioned works). Works created and published or registered in the U.S. prior to January 1, 1978 generally enjoy copyright protection for 95 years, subject to compliance with certain statutory provisions including notice and renewal. The period of copyright protection for works created on or after January 1, 1978 that are not “works made for hire” lasts for the life of the author plus 70 years. Additionally, the MMA extended federal copyright protection in the U.S. to sound recordings created prior to February 15, 1972. The duration of copyright protection for such sound recordings varies based on the year of publication, with all such sound recordings receiving copyright protection for at least 95 years, and sound recordings published between January 1, 1957 and February 15, 1972 receiving copyright protection until February 15, 2067. The term of copyright in the EU for musical compositions in all member states lasts for the life of the author plus 70 years. This is also true for the U.K.

In the EU, the term of copyright for sound recordings lasts for 70 years from the date of release in respect of sound recordings that were still in copyright on November 1, 2013 and for 50 years from date of release in respect of sound recordings the copyright in which had expired by that date. The EU also harmonized the copyright term for joint musical works. In the case of a musical composition with words that is protected by copyright on or after November 1, 2013, the member states of the EU are required to calculate the life of the author plus 70 years term from the date of death of the last surviving author of the lyrics and the composer of the musical composition, provided that both contributions were specifically created for the musical composition.

We are largely dependent on legislation in each jurisdiction in which we operate to protect our rights against unauthorized reproduction, distribution, public performance or rental. In all jurisdictions where we operate, our intellectual property receives some degree of copyright protection, although the extent of effective protection varies widely. In a number of developing countries, the protection of copyright remains inadequate.

Technological changes have focused attention on the need for new legislation that will adequately protect the rights of producers. We actively lobby in favor of industry efforts to increase copyright protection and support the efforts of organizations, such as the Recording Industry Association of America, the IFPI, the NMPA, the ICMP and the World Intellectual Property Organization.

Trademarks

We consider our trademarks to be valuable assets to our business. We endeavor to register our major trademarks in those countries where we believe the protection of such trademarks is important for our business. Our major trademarks include the “Reservoir” name and circular “R” logo with blue stripe. We also use certain trademarks, including those of certain subsidiaries, pursuant to perpetual license agreements. We actively monitor and protect against activities that might infringe, dilute or otherwise harm our trademarks. We also hold the rights to various internet domain names, which are subject to Internet regulatory bodies and trademark and other related laws of each applicable jurisdiction. See “Risk Factors - Risks Related to Intellectual Property and Data Security.”

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Joint Ventures

We have entered into various contractual joint venture arrangements pursuant to which we or certain of our subsidiaries jointly acquire publishing, administration, songwriting, recording and related rights and interests with third parties. These contractual joint venture arrangements differ from a traditional joint venture arrangement in that we typically do not form a new standalone special purpose vehicle to enter into such arrangement or hold any such assets.

Our Employees, Culture, Values and Human Capital Resources

As of March 31, 2023, we employed approximately 92 persons worldwide, including temporary and part-time employees, as well as employees that were added through acquisitions. As of March 31, 2023, none of our employees in the U.S. were subject to a collective bargaining agreement, although certain employees in our non-domestic subsidiaries were covered by national labor agreements.

Our human capital resources objectives include attracting, developing and retaining personnel and enhancing diversity and inclusion in our workforce to foster community, collaboration and creativity among our employees, while supporting our ability to grow our business. To facilitate these objectives, we seek to foster a diverse, inclusive and safe workplace, with opportunities for employees to develop their talents and advance their careers.

Corporate Information

Our principal executive offices are located at 200 Varick Street, Suite 801A, New York, New York 10014, and our telephone number is (212) 675-0541.

Website Access to Company’s Reports and Disclosure Information

Our Internet website address is https://www.reservoir-media.com, to which we regularly post copies of our press releases, public conference calls, and webcasts as well as additional information about us. Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports filed, are available free of charge through the Investors section of our website as soon as reasonably practicable after such materials have been electronically filed with, or furnished to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). The SEC maintains an Internet site (http://www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. We include our web site address in this Annual Report on Form 10-K only as an inactive textual reference. Information contained in our website does not constitute a part of this report or our other filings with the SEC.

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Risks Related to Intellectual Property and Data Security

Risks Related to Our Common Stock and Warrants

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Risks Related to Our Business and Operations

We may be unable to compete successfully in the highly competitive markets in which we operate and may suffer reduced profits as a result.

The industries in which we operate are highly competitive, have experienced ongoing consolidation among major music entertainment companies and are driven by consumer preferences that are rapidly changing. Furthermore, they require substantial human and capital resources. We compete with other music publishing companies and recorded music companies to identify and sign new songwriters and recording artists with the potential to achieve long-term success and to enter into and renew agreements with established songwriters and recording artists. In addition, our competitors may, from time to time, increase the amounts they spend to discover, or to market and promote, songwriters and recording artists or reduce the prices of their music in an effort to expand market share. We may lose business if we are unable to sign successful songwriters or recording artists or to match the prices of the music offered by our competitors. Our music publishing business (the “Music Publishing business”) competes not only with other music publishing companies, but also with songwriters who publish their own works and companies in other industries that may choose to sign direct deals with songwriters or music publishing companies. Our recorded music business (the “Recorded Music business”) competes not only with other recorded music companies, but also with recording artists who may choose to distribute their own works (which has become more practicable as music is distributed online rather than physically) and companies in other industries that may choose to sign direct deals with recording artists or recorded music companies. Our Recorded Music business and Music Publishing business is to a significant extent dependent on technological developments, including access to and selection and viability of innovative technologies, and is subject to potential pressure from competitors as a result of their technological developments. For example, our Recorded Music business may be further adversely affected by technological developments that facilitate the piracy of music, such as Internet peer-to-peer file sharing, by an inability to enforce our intellectual property rights in digital environments and by a failure to further develop successful business models applicable to a digital environment. The Recorded Music business also faces competition from other forms of entertainment and leisure activities, such as cable and satellite television, motion pictures and video games in physical and digital formats.

Our prospects and financial results may be adversely affected if we fail to identify, sign and retain songwriters and recording artists

We are dependent on signing and retaining songwriters who will write the hit songs of today and the classics of tomorrow. We are also dependent on identifying, signing and retaining recording artists with long-term potential, whose debut music is well received on release, whose subsequent music is anticipated by consumers and whose music will continue to generate sales as part of our catalog for years to come. The competition among music publishing and record companies for such talent is intense. Competition among music publishing and record companies to sell and otherwise market and promote music is also intense. Our competitive position is dependent on our continuing ability to attract and develop songwriters and recording artists whose work can achieve a high degree of public acceptance and who can timely deliver their music to us. Our prospects and financial results may be adversely affected if we are unable to identify, sign and retain such songwriters and recording artists under terms that are economically attractive to us. Our prospects and financial results are generally affected by the appeal of our music publishing and recorded music catalogs to consumers.

Our business operations in some foreign countries subject us to trends, developments or other events which may adversely affect our results of operations.

We are a global company with strong local presences, which have become increasingly important as the popularity of music originating from a country’s own language and culture has increased in recent years. Our mix of national and international songwriters and recording artists is designed to provide a significant degree of diversification. However, our music does not necessarily enjoy universal appeal and, if it does not continue to appeal in various countries, our results of operations could be adversely impacted. As a result, our results of operations can be affected not only by general industry trends, but also by trends, developments or other events in individual countries, including:

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We may not be able to insure or hedge against these risks, and we may not be able to ensure compliance with all of the applicable regulations without incurring additional costs, or at all. For example, our results of operations could be impacted by fluctuations of the U.S. dollar against most currencies. See “—Unfavorable currency exchange rate fluctuations could adversely affect our results of operations.” Furthermore, financing may not be available in countries with less than investment-grade sovereign credit ratings. As a result, it may be difficult to create or maintain profitable operations in various countries.

In addition, our results can be affected by trends, developments and other events in individual countries. There can be no assurance that in the future country-specific trends, developments or other events will not have a significant adverse effect on our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations. Unfavorable conditions can depress revenues in any given market and prompt promotional or other actions that adversely affect our margins.

Unfavorable currency exchange rate fluctuations could adversely affect our results of operations.

As we continue to expand our international operations, we become increasingly exposed to the effects of fluctuations in currency exchange rates. The reporting currency for our consolidated financial statements is the U.S. dollar. We have substantial assets, liabilities, revenues and costs denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars, principally the British pound sterling and euro. To prepare our consolidated financial statements, we must translate those assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses into U.S. dollars at then-applicable exchange rates. Consequently, increases and decreases in the value of the U.S. dollar versus other currencies will affect the amount of these items in our consolidated financial statements, even if their value has not changed in their original currency. These translations could result in significant changes to our results of operations from period to period. In addition, from time to time, we may enter into foreign exchange contracts to hedge the risk of unfavorable foreign currency exchange rate movements.

Our business may be adversely affected by competitive market conditions, and we may not be able to execute our business strategy.

We expect to increase revenues and cash flow through a business strategy which requires us, among others, to continue to maximize the value of our music, to significantly reduce costs to maximize flexibility and adjust to new realities of the market, to continue to act to contain digital piracy and to diversify our revenue streams into growing segments of the music entertainment business by continuing to capitalize on digital distribution and emerging technologies.

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Each of these initiatives requires sustained management focus, organization and coordination over significant periods of time. Each of these initiatives also requires success in building relationships with third parties and in anticipating and keeping up with technological developments and consumer preferences and may involve the implementation of new business models or distribution platforms. The results of our strategy and the success of our implementation of this strategy will not be known for some time in the future. If we are unable to implement our strategy successfully or properly react to changes in market conditions, our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations have been adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and any future outbreak of contagious disease or other widespread natural disaster could materially and adversely affect our business.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had an adverse effect on our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations. The COVID-19 pandemic suspended live concert tours, adversely impacting our concert promotion business and its sale of tour merchandise and made it more difficult for artists to engage in marketing efforts around the release of their new recordings. It delayed the release of new recordings by impeding the types of collaboration among artists, songwriters, producers, musicians, engineers and studios which are necessary for the delivery of those recordings. The cessation or significant delay in the production of motion pictures and television programs negatively affected synchronization revenue in our Music Publishing business and licensing revenue in our Recorded Music business.

It has been widely reported that advertisers reduced their advertising spend as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. This resulted in a corresponding decline in licensing revenue and, to a lesser extent, ad-supported digital revenue in our Music Publishing business and synchronization, performance and ad-supported digital revenue in our Recorded Music business. While physical revenue streams — mechanical revenue in our Music Publishing business and physical revenue in our Recorded Music business — have declined significantly over the last decade, the virus outbreak has resulted in declines in our physical revenue streams related to disruptions in manufacturing and physical supply chains, the mandated closure of physical retailers, the requirement that people stay in their homes and our decisions to delay the release of new recordings from artists with a more physical consumer base.

To the extent the COVID-19 pandemic continues to adversely affect our business, cash flows, financial condition or results of operations, it may also have the effect of heightening other risks described in this section. In addition, any future pandemic or outbreak of contagious disease like the COVID-19 pandemic or other widespread natural disaster could impact our business in a similar way and could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Our ability to operate effectively could be impaired if we fail to attract and retain our executive officers and management team.

We compete with other music entertainment companies and other companies for top talent. Our ability to successfully implement our business strategy and to operate profitably depends, in part, on our ability to retain key personnel. If key personnel become unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. We often cannot anticipate such departures and may not be able to promptly replace key leadership personnel. Our key personnel are generally employed on an “at-will” basis. Our success also depends, in part, on our continuing ability to identify, hire, attract, train and develop other highly qualified personnel.

Competition for these employees can be intense, and our ability to hire, attract and retain them depends on our ability to provide competitive compensation. We may not be able to attract, develop or retain qualified and diverse personnel in the future, and our failure to do so could adversely affect our business, including the execution of our business strategy. Any failure by our management team to perform as expected may have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.

Our management team has limited experience in operating a public company.

Our executive officers and management team have limited experience in managing a publicly traded company. Our management team may not effectively or efficiently manage our transition to a public company that will be subject to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under federal securities laws. Our management team’s limited experience in dealing with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies could be a significant disadvantage in that it is likely that an increasing amount of our management team’s time may be devoted to these activities, which will result in less time being devoted to the management and growth of our business. We may not have adequate personnel with the appropriate level of knowledge, experience and training in the accounting

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policies, practices or internal controls over financial reporting required of public companies in the U.S. The development and implementation of the standards and controls necessary for us to achieve the level of accounting standards required of a public company in the U.S. may require costs greater than expected. It is possible that we will be required to expand our employee base and hire additional employees to support our operations as a public company, which will increase our operating costs in future periods. If we are unable to recruit and retain additional finance personnel or if our finance and accounting team is unable for any reason to respond adequately to the increased demands that will result from being a public company, the quality and timeliness of our financial reporting may suffer, which could result in the identification of material weaknesses in our internal controls. Any consequences resulting from inaccuracies or delays in our reported consolidated financial statements could cause our stock price to decline and could harm our business, cash flows, financial condition, and results of operations.

Failure to achieve and maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act could impair our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or to comply with applicable regulations and have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.

Our management determined that material weaknesses existed in the internal controls over financial reporting while preparing our consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2023 and 2022. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The material weaknesses identified relate to an ineffective control environment due to improper segregation of duties and a lack of qualified personnel to address certain complex accounting transactions and an ineffective risk assessment process resulting in improper design of control activities to address certain risks of material misstatement. We have instituted plans to remediate these issues and continue to take remediation steps, including hiring additional personnel and implementing new processes and controls in connection with financial reporting. Although we believe the hiring of additional accounting resources and implementation of processes and controls to better identify and manage segregation of duties will remediate the weakness with respect to insufficient personnel, there can be no assurance that the material weaknesses will be remediated on a timely basis or at all, or that additional material weaknesses will not be identified in the future. If we are unable to remediate the material weaknesses, our ability to record, process and report financial information accurately and to prepare consolidated financial statements within the time periods specified by the rules and regulations of the SEC could be adversely affected, which, in turn, may have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.

Our independent registered public accounting firm is not required to formally attest to the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting until after we are no longer an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, as amended (the “JOBS Act”). At such time, our independent registered public accounting firm may issue a report that is adverse in the event it is not satisfied with the level at which our internal controls over financial reporting are documented, designed or operating. Any failure to implement and maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting could also adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations and the independent registered public accounting firm’s annual attestation reports regarding the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting that will eventually be required to include in our periodic reports that are filed with the SEC.

We have been a private company and, as such, we have not been subject to the internal control and financial reporting requirements applicable to a publicly traded company. Following the consummation of the Business Combination, our management has significant requirements for enhanced financial reporting and internal controls as a public company. As a result, matters impacting our internal controls over financial reporting may cause us to be unable to report our consolidated financial information on a timely basis and thereby subject us to adverse regulatory consequences, including sanctions by the SEC or violations of applicable Nasdaq listing rules, which may result in a breach of the covenants under our $450 million senior secured revolving credit facility (the “Senior Credit Facility”) or future financing arrangements. There also could be a negative reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of investor confidence and the reliability of our consolidated financial statements. Confidence in the reliability of our consolidated financial statements could also suffer if we or our independent registered public accounting firm continue to report a material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting. This could materially adversely affect our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations and lead to a decline in the market price of our Common Stock and Warrants.

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A significant portion of our revenues are subject to rate regulation either by government entities or by local third-party collecting societies throughout the world and rates on other income streams may be set by governmental proceedings, which may limit our profitability.

Mechanical royalties and performance royalties are two of the main sources of income to our Music Publishing business and mechanical royalties are a significant expense to our Recorded Music business. In the U.S., mechanical royalty rates are set every five years pursuant to an administrative process under the U.S. Copyright Act, unless rates are determined through industry negotiations, and performance royalty rates are determined by negotiations with performing rights societies, the largest of which, the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (the “ASCAP”) and Broadcast Music, Inc. (the “BMI”), are subject to a consent decree rate-setting process if negotiations are unsuccessful. In June 2019, the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice opened a review of its consent decrees with ASCAP and BMI to determine whether the decrees should be maintained in their current form, modified or terminated. Outside the U.S., mechanical and performance royalty rates are typically negotiated on an industry-wide basis. In most territories outside the U.S., mechanical royalties are based on a percentage of wholesale prices for physical product and based on a percentage of consumer prices for digital formats. The mechanical and performance royalty rates set pursuant to such processes may adversely affect us by limiting our ability to increase the profitability of our Music Publishing business. If the mechanical and performance royalty rates are set too high, it may also adversely affect us by limiting our ability to increase the profitability of our Recorded Music business. In addition, the rates that our Recorded Music business receives in the U.S. for webcasting and satellite radio are set every five years by an administrative process under the U.S. Copyright Act unless rates are determined through industry negotiations. It is important as revenues continue to shift from physical to diversified distribution channels that we receive fair value for all the uses of our intellectual property as our business model now depends upon multiple revenue streams from multiple sources. The rates set for our Music Publishing and Recorded Music income sources through collecting societies or legally prescribed rate-setting processes could have a material adverse impact on our business prospects.

We may not have full control and ability to direct the operations we conduct through joint ventures.

We currently have interests in a number of joint ventures and may in the future enter into further joint ventures as a means of conducting our business. In addition, we structure certain of our relationships with songwriters and recording artists as joint ventures. We may not be able to fully control the operations and the assets of our joint ventures, and we may not be able to make major decisions or may not be able to take timely actions with respect to our joint ventures unless our joint venture partners agree.

As part of our growth strategy, we intend to acquire, combine with or invest in other businesses and will face risks inherent in such transactions.

We have in the past engaged, and will continue, from time to time in the future, to engage, in opportunistic strategic acquisitions or other transactions, which could involve, in addition to acquisitions, combinations or dispositions of businesses or assets, or strategic alliances or joint ventures with companies engaged in music entertainment, entertainment or other businesses. Any such combination could be material, be difficult to implement, disrupt our business or change our business profile, focus or strategy significantly. In addition, to the extent we seek to grow our business through acquisitions, we may not be able to successfully identify attractive acquisition opportunities or consummate any such acquisitions if we cannot reach an agreement on commercially favorable terms, if we lack sufficient resources to finance the transaction on our own and cannot obtain financing at a reasonable cost or if regulatory authorities prevent such transaction from being consummated. Furthermore, competition for acquisitions in the markets in which we operate has increased during recent years, and may continue to increase in the future, which may result in an increase in the costs of acquisitions or may cause us to refrain from making certain acquisitions. We may not be able to complete future acquisitions on favorable terms, if at all.

If we do complete future acquisitions, there can be no assurance that they will ultimately strengthen our competitive position or that they will be viewed positively by customers, financial markets or investors. Furthermore, future acquisitions could pose numerous additional risks to our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations, including:

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If we enter into significant transactions in the future, related accounting charges may affect our financial condition and results of operations, particularly in the case of any acquisitions. In addition, the financing of any significant acquisition may result in changes to our capital structure, including the incurrence of additional indebtedness, which may be substantial. Conversely, any material disposition could reduce our indebtedness or require the amendment or refinancing of our outstanding indebtedness or a portion thereof. We may not be successful in addressing these risks or any other problems encountered in connection with any strategic or transformative transactions. There can be no assurance that if we make any future acquisitions, investments, strategic alliances or joint ventures or enter into any business combination, that they will be completed in a timely manner, or at all, that they will be structured or financed in a way that will enhance our creditworthiness or that they will meet our strategic objectives or otherwise be successful.

We may also be unsuccessful in implementing appropriate operational, financial and management systems and controls to achieve the benefits expected to result from these transactions. Failure to effectively manage any of these transactions could result in material increases in costs or reductions in expected revenues, or both. In addition, if any new business in which we invest or which we attempt to develop does not progress as planned, we may not recover the funds and resources we have expended and this could have a negative impact on our businesses or us and our subsidiaries as a whole.

The enactment of legislation limiting the terms by which an individual can be bound under a “personal services” contract could impair our ability to retain the services of key artists.

California Labor Code Section 2855 (“Section 2855”) limits the duration of time any individual can be bound under a contract for “personal services” to a maximum of seven years. In 1987, subsection (b) was added to Section 2855, which provides a limited exception to Section 2855 for recording contracts, creating a damages remedy for record companies. Such legislation could result in certain of our existing contracts with artists being declared unenforceable or may restrict the terms under which we enter into contracts with artists in the future, either of which could adversely affect our results of operations. In March 2021, a California Assembly Member introduced a bill (AB 1385) that seeks to repeal Subsection (b). The bill was withdrawn in April 2021, but a similar bill was reintroduced in February 2022 and was rejected by the California State Senate in June 2022. The repeal of subsection (b) of Section 2855 and/or the passage of legislation similar to Section 2855 by other states could materially adversely affect our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.

Governments could enact new legislation or could make regulatory determinations that affect the terms of our contracts with songwriters and recording artists.

Some songwriter and recording artist groups, particularly in Europe, are urging governments to intervene in the music streaming business in ways that could affect the terms agreed in our contracts with them. Government intervention in the music streaming business could have an adverse effect on our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.

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If our songwriters and recording artists are characterized as employees, we would be subject to employment and withholding liabilities.

Although we believe that the songwriter and recording artist with which we partner are properly characterized as independent contractors, tax or other regulatory authorities may in the future challenge our characterization of these relationships. We are aware of a number of judicial decisions and legislative proposals that could bring about major reforms in worker classification, including the California legislature’s recent passage of California Assembly Bill 5 (“AB 5”). AB 5 purports to codify a new test for determining worker classification that is widely viewed as expanding the scope of employee relationships and narrowing the scope of independent contractor relationships. The law was subsequently amended in September 2020 to exclude most professionals working in the music sector. Nonetheless, AB 5 has been the subject of widespread national discussion and it is possible that other jurisdictions may enact similar laws. If such regulatory authorities or state, federal or foreign courts were to determine that our songwriter and recording artist are employees, and not independent contractors, we would be required to withhold income taxes, to withhold and pay Social Security, Medicare and similar taxes and to pay unemployment and other related payroll taxes. We would also be liable for unpaid past taxes and subject to penalties. As a result, any determination that our songwriter and recording artist are our employees could have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.

If streaming adoption or revenues grow less rapidly or level off, our prospects, business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Streaming revenues are important because they have offset declines in downloads and physical sales and represent a growing area of our Music Publishing business and Recorded Music business. There can be no assurance that this growth pattern will persist or that digital revenues will continue to grow at a rate sufficient to offset and exceed declines in downloads and physical sales. If growth in streaming revenues levels off or fails to grow as quickly as it has over the past several years, our Music Publishing business and Recorded Music business may experience reduced levels of revenues and operating income.

We are substantially dependent on a limited number of digital music services for the online distribution and marketing of our music, and they are able to significantly influence the pricing structure for online music stores and may not correctly calculate royalties under license agreements.

We derive an increasing portion of our revenues from the licensing of music through digital distribution channels. We are currently dependent on a small number of leading digital music services. We have limited ability to increase our wholesale prices to digital music services as a small number of digital music services control much of the legitimate digital music business. If these services were to adopt a lower pricing model or if there were structural changes to other pricing models, we could receive substantially less for our music, which could cause a material reduction in our revenues, unless offset by a corresponding increase in the number of transactions. We currently enter into short-term license agreements with many digital music services and provide our music on an at-will basis to others. There can be no assurance that we will be able to renew or enter into new license agreements with any digital music service. The terms of these license agreements, including the royalty rates that we receive pursuant to them, may change as a result of changes in our bargaining power, changes in the industry, changes in the law, or for other reasons. Decreases in royalty rates, rates of revenue sharing or changes to other terms of these license agreements may materially impact our business, operating results and financial condition. Digital music services generally accept and make available all of the music that we deliver to them. However, if digital music services in the future decide to limit the types or amount of music they will accept from music entertainment companies like us, our revenues could be significantly reduced. See “Description of Our Business—Recorded Music—Sales and Digital Distribution.”

We are also substantially dependent on a limited number of digital music services for the marketing of our music. A significant proportion of the music streamed on digital music services is from playlists curated by those services or generated from those services’ algorithms. If these services were to fail to include our music on playlists, change the position of our music on playlists or give us less marketing space, it could adversely affect our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.

Under our license agreements and relevant statutes, we receive royalties from digital music services in order to stream or otherwise offer our music. The determination of the amount and timing of such payments is complex and subject to a number of variables, including the revenue generated, the type of music offered and the country in which it is sold, identification of the appropriate licensor, and the service tier on which music is made available. As a result, we may not be paid appropriately for our music. Failure to be accurately paid our royalties may adversely affect our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.

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Because our success depends substantially on our ability to maintain a professional reputation, adverse publicity concerning us or our songwriters, artists or key personnel could adversely affect our business.

Our professional reputation is essential to our continued success and any decrease in the quality of our reputation could impair our ability to, among others, recruit and retain qualified and experienced key personnel, retain or attract songwriters and artists and/or enter into licensing or other contractual arrangements. Our overall reputation may be negatively impacted by a number of factors, including negative publicity concerning us or our artists, songwriters or key personnel. Any adverse publicity relating to us or such individuals or entities that we employ or represent, including from reported or actual incidents or allegations of illegal or improper conduct, such as harassment, discrimination or other misconduct, could result in significant media attention, even if not directly relating to or involving us, and could have a negative impact on our professional reputation. This could result in termination of licensing or other contractual relationships or impact our ability to attract and retain songwriters, artists or key personnel, all of which could adversely affect our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.

The obligations associated with being a public company involve significant expenses and require significant resources and management attention, which may divert from our business operations.

As a result of the Business Combination, we became subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The Exchange Act requires that we file annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business, financial condition and results of operations. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we establish and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting. As a result, we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not previously incur. Our entire management team and many of our other employees will need to devote substantial time to compliance and may not effectively or efficiently manage our transition into a public company.

In addition, the need to establish the corporate infrastructure demanded of a public company may also divert management’s attention from implementing our business strategy, which could prevent us from improving our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. We have made, and will continue to make, changes to our internal control over financial reporting, including information technology controls, and procedures for financial reporting and accounting systems to meet our reporting obligations as a public company. However, the measures that we take may not be sufficient to satisfy our obligations as a public company. If we do not continue to develop and implement the right processes and tools to manage our changing enterprise and maintain our culture, our ability to compete successfully and achieve our business objectives could be impaired, which could negatively impact our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. In addition, we cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs we may incur to comply with these requirements. We anticipate that these costs will continue to increase our general and administrative expenses.

These rules and regulations result in our incurring legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly. For example, we expect these rules and regulations to make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. As a result, it may be more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified people to serve on our board of directors, or committees thereof, or as our executive officers.

As a public reporting company, we are subject to rules and regulations established from time to time by the SEC regarding our internal control over financial reporting. If we fail to establish and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or report them in a timely manner.

Upon consummation of the Business Combination, we became a public reporting company subject to the rules and regulations established from time to time by the SEC and Nasdaq. These rules and regulations will require, among other things, that we establish and periodically evaluate procedures with respect to our internal control over financial reporting. Reporting obligations as a public company are likely to place a considerable strain on our financial and management systems, processes and controls, as well as on our personnel. In addition, as a public company, we are required to document and test our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act so that our management can certify as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Beginning with this annual report, we are required to provide a management report on internal control over financial reporting. However, our auditors will not be required to formally attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 until we are no longer an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act.

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We may be unable to maintain the listing of our securities on Nasdaq in the future.

If we fail to meet the continued listing requirements and Nasdaq delists our Common Stock or Warrants, we could face significant material adverse consequences, including:

Our substantial indebtedness could adversely affect our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.

We entered into an amendment to the Senior Credit Facility to, among other things, increase the revolving credit commitment to $450 million, which is scheduled to mature in December 2027.

Our substantial indebtedness could:

In addition, despite our anticipated levels of indebtedness, we may be able to incur substantially more indebtedness under the Senior Credit Facility, which may increase the risks created by our indebtedness and could have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.

We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service all of our indebtedness and may be forced to take other actions to satisfy obligations under our indebtedness, which may not be successful.

Our ability to make scheduled payments on or to refinance our debt obligations will depend on our future operating performance and on economic, financial, competitive, legislative and other factors and any legal and regulatory restrictions on the payment of distributions and dividends to which we and our subsidiaries may be subject. Many of these factors may be beyond our control. There can be no assurance that our business will generate sufficient cash flow from operations, that currently anticipated operating improvements will be realized or that future borrowings will be available to us in an amount sufficient to enable us to satisfy our obligations under our indebtedness or to fund our other needs. If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to service our

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indebtedness, we may be forced to reduce or delay acquisitions, sell assets, seek additional capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. These alternative measures may not be successful and may not permit us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations. Our ability to restructure or refinance our indebtedness will depend on the condition of the capital markets and our financial condition at such time. Any refinancing of our indebtedness could be at higher interest rates and may require us to comply with more onerous covenants, which could further restrict our business operations. In addition, the terms of the Senior Credit Facility or any future debt agreements may restrict us from adopting some of these alternatives. In the absence of such operating results and resources, we could face substantial liquidity problems and might be required to dispose of material assets or operations to meet our debt service and other obligations. We may not be able to consummate those dispositions for fair market value or at all. Furthermore, any proceeds that we could realize from any such dispositions may not be adequate to meet our debt service obligations then due. Our inability to generate sufficient cash flow to satisfy our debt service or other obligations, or to refinance our indebtedness on commercially reasonable terms or at all, could have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.

Provisions in the Charter and Delaware law may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors and officers.

The Charter requires that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery (the “Chancery Court”) of the State of Delaware (or, in the event that the Chancery Court does not have jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware or other state courts of the State of Delaware) shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action, suit or proceeding brought on behalf of us, (ii) any action, suit or proceeding asserting a claim of breach of fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or stockholders to us or our stockholders, (iii) any action, suit or proceeding asserting a claim arising pursuant to the Delaware General Corporation Law, the Charter or the Bylaws, or (iv) any action, suit or proceeding asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine. In addition, subject to the provisions of the preceding sentence, the federal district courts of the United States of America will be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. If any action the subject matter of which is within the scope of the first sentence of this paragraph is filed in a court other than the courts in the State of Delaware (a “foreign action”) in the name of any stockholder, such stockholder will be deemed to have consented to (x) the personal jurisdiction of the state and federal courts in the State of Delaware in connection with any action brought in any such court to enforce the provisions of the first sentence of this paragraph, and (y) having service of process made upon such stockholder in any such action by service upon such stockholder’s counsel in the foreign action as agent for such stockholder. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in any shares of our capital stock will be deemed to have notice of and to have consented to the forum provisions in the Charter. This forum selection clause may discourage claims or limit stockholders’ ability to submit claims in a judicial forum that they find favorable and may result in additional costs for a stockholder seeking to bring a claim. While we believe the risk of a court declining to enforce this forum selection clause is low, if a court were to determine this forum selection clause to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs in conjunction with our efforts to resolve the dispute in an alternative jurisdiction, which could have a negative impact on our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations and result in a diversion of the time and resources of our management and board of directors.

Anti-takeover provisions contained in the Charter and the Bylaws, as well as provisions of Delaware law, could impair a takeover attempt.

The Charter and the Bylaws contain provisions that may discourage unsolicited takeover proposals that stockholders may consider to be in their best interests. We are also subject to anti-takeover provisions under Delaware law, which could delay or prevent a change of control. Together these provisions may make more difficult the removal of management and may discourage transactions that otherwise could involve payment of a premium over prevailing market prices for our Common Stock and Warrants.

Risks Related to Intellectual Property and Data Security

Failure to obtain, maintain, protect and enforce our intellectual property rights could substantially harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

The success of our business depends on our ability to obtain, maintain, protect and enforce our trademarks, copyrights and other intellectual property rights. The measures that we take to obtain, maintain, protect and enforce our intellectual property rights, including, if necessary, litigation or proceedings before governmental authorities and administrative bodies, may be ineffective, expensive and time-consuming and, despite such measures, third parties may be able to obtain and use our intellectual property rights without our permission. Additionally, changes in law may be implemented, or changes in interpretation of such laws may occur, that may affect our

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ability to obtain, maintain, protect or enforce our intellectual property rights. Failure to obtain, maintain, protect or enforce our intellectual property rights could harm our brand or brand recognition and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operation.

We also in-license certain major trademarks for certain wholly-owned subsidiaries from third parties pursuant to perpetual, royalty-free license agreements that may be terminated by the licensor under certain circumstances, including our material breach of the terms of such license agreements. Upon any such termination, we may be required to either negotiate a new or reinstated agreement with less favorable terms or otherwise lose our rights to use the licensed trademarks.

Our involvement in intellectual property litigation could adversely affect our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is highly dependent upon intellectual property, an area that has encountered increased litigation in recent years. If we are alleged to infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate the intellectual property rights of a third party, any litigation to defend the claim could be costly and would divert the time and resources of management, regardless of the merits of the claim and whether the claim is settled out of court or determined in our favor. There can be no assurance that we would prevail in any such litigation. If we were to lose a litigation relating to intellectual property, we could be forced to pay monetary damages and to cease using certain intellectual property or technologies. Any of the foregoing may adversely affect our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.

Assertions or allegations, even if not true, that we have infringed or violated intellectual property rights could harm our reputation and business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.

Third parties, including artists, copyright owners and other online music platforms, have asserted, and may in the future assert, that we have infringed, misappropriated or otherwise violated their copyright or other intellectual property rights. As we face increasing competition globally, the possibility of intellectual property rights claims against us grows.

We also sublicense some of our licensed music content to other platforms. Our agreements with such third-party platforms typically require them to comply with the terms of the license and applicable copyright laws and regulations. However, there is no guarantee that the third-party platforms to which we sublicense our content will comply with the terms of their license arrangements or all applicable copyright laws and regulations. In the event of any breach or violation by such platforms, we may be held liable to the copyright owners for damages and be subject to legal proceedings as a result, in which case our reputation and business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, music, internet, technology and media companies are frequently subject to litigation based on allegations of infringement, misappropriation, or other violations of intellectual property rights. Other companies in these industries may have larger intellectual property portfolios than we do, which could make us a target for litigation as we may not be able to assert counterclaims against parties that sue us for intellectual property infringement. Furthermore, from time to time, we may introduce new products and services, which could increase our exposure to intellectual property claims. It is difficult to predict whether assertions of third-party intellectual property rights or any infringement or misappropriation claims arising from such assertions will substantially harm our reputation and/or business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.

Digital piracy could adversely impact our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.

A substantial portion of our revenue comes from the distribution of music, which is potentially subject to unauthorized consumer copying and widespread digital dissemination without an economic return to us, including as a result of “stream-ripping.” In its Engaging with Music 2022 report, the IFPI surveyed 44,000 people to examine the ways in which music consumers aged 16 to 64 engaged with recorded music across 22 countries. Of those surveyed, 30% had used illegal or unlicensed methods to listen to or download music and 17% had used an unlicensed mobile app to illegally download music. Organized industrial piracy may also lead to decreased revenues. The impact of digital piracy on legitimate music revenues and subscriptions is hard to quantify, but we believe that illegal file sharing and other forms of unauthorized activity, including stream manipulation, have a substantial negative impact on music revenues. If we fail to obtain appropriate relief through the judicial process or the complete enforcement of judicial decisions issued in our favor (or if judicial decisions are not in our favor), if we are unsuccessful in our efforts to lobby governments to enact and enforce stronger legal penalties for copyright infringement or if we fail to develop effective means of protecting and enforcing our intellectual property

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(whether copyrights or other intellectual property rights such as patents, trademarks and trade secrets) or our music entertainment-related products or services, our results of operations, financial position and prospects may suffer.

If we or our service providers do not maintain the security of information relating to our customers, employees and vendors and our music, security information breaches through cyber security attacks or otherwise could damage our reputation with customers, employees, vendors and artists, and we could incur substantial additional costs, become subject to litigation and our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

We receive certain personal information about our customers and potential customers, and we also receive personal information concerning our employees, artists and vendors. In addition, our online operations depend upon the secure transmission of confidential information over public networks.

We maintain security measures with respect to such information, but despite these measures, such information may still be vulnerable to security breaches by computer hackers and others that attempt to penetrate the security measures that we have in place. A compromise of our security systems (through cyber-attacks, which are rapidly evolving and sophisticated or otherwise) that results in personal information being obtained by unauthorized persons or other bad acts could adversely affect our reputation with our customers, potential customers, employees, artists and vendors, as well as our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations, and could result in litigation against us or the imposition of governmental penalties. Unauthorized persons have also attempted to redirect payments to or from us. If any such attempt were successful, we could lose and fail to recover the redirected funds, which loss could be material. We may also be subject to cyber-attacks that target our music, including not-yet-released music. The theft and premature release of this music may adversely affect our reputation with current and potential artists and adversely impact our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, a security breach could require that we expend significant additional resources related to our information security systems and could result in a disruption of our business operations.

We increasingly rely on third-party data storage providers, including cloud storage solution providers, resulting in less direct control over our data. Such third parties may also be vulnerable to security breaches and compromised security systems, which could adversely affect our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.

Evolving laws and regulations concerning data privacy may result in increased regulation and different industry standards, which could increase the costs of operations or limit our activities.

We engage in a wide array of online activities globally and are thus subject to a broad range of related laws and regulations including, for example, those relating to privacy, consumer protection, data retention and data protection, online behavioral advertising, geo-location tracking, text messaging, e-mail advertising, mobile advertising, content regulation, defamation, age verification, the protection of children online, social media and other Internet, mobile and online-related prohibitions and restrictions. The regulatory framework for privacy and data security issues worldwide has become increasingly burdensome and complex, and is likely to continue to be so for the foreseeable future. Practices regarding the collection, use, storage, transmission, security and disclosure of personal information by companies operating over the Internet and mobile platforms are receiving ever-increasing public and governmental scrutiny.

The U.S. government, including Congress, the Federal Trade Commission and the Department of Commerce, has announced that it is reviewing the need for even greater regulation for the collection of information concerning consumer behavior on the Internet and mobile platforms, including regulation aimed at restricting certain targeted advertising practices, the use of location data and disclosures of privacy practices in the online and mobile environments, including with respect to online and mobile applications. State governments are engaged in similar legislative and regulatory activities (including the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”) effective on January 1, 2020, the California Privacy Rights and Enforcement Act, effective January 1, 2023 (“CPRA”) and other analogous statutes more recently in other states). The effects of CCPA and these other recently adopted laws includes an increased ability of individuals to control the use of their personal data; heightened transparency obligations, increased obligations of companies to maintain the security of data; and increased exposure to fines or damages for companies that do not accord individuals their specified privacy rights, that experience data breaches or that do not maintain cybersecurity at certain levels of quality.

In addition, privacy and data security laws and regulations around the world are being implemented rapidly and evolving. These new and evolving laws (including the European Union General Data Protection Regulation effective on May 25, 2018) have resulted in greater compliance burdens for companies with global operations. Globally, many government and consumer agencies have also called

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for new regulation and changes in industry practices with respect to information collected from consumers, electronic marketing and the use of third-party cookies, web beacons and similar technology for online behavioral advertising.

Our business, including our ability to operate and expand internationally, could be adversely affected if laws or regulations are adopted, interpreted or implemented in a manner that is inconsistent with our current business practices and that require changes to these practices. Therefore, our business could be harmed by any significant change to applicable laws, regulations or industry practices regarding the collection, use or disclosure of customer data, or regarding the manner in which the express or implied consent of consumers for such collection, use and disclosure is obtained. Such changes may require us to modify our operations, possibly in a material manner, and may limit our ability to develop new products, services, mechanisms, platforms and features that make use of data regarding our customers and potential customers. Any actual or alleged violations of laws and regulations relating to privacy and data security, and any relevant claims, may expose us to potential liability, fines and may require us to expend significant resources in responding to and defending such allegations and claims, regardless of merit. Claims or allegations that we have violated laws and regulations relating to privacy and data security could also result in negative publicity and a loss of confidence in us.

We face a potential loss of catalog to the extent that our recording artists have a right to recapture rights in their recordings under the U.S. Copyright Act.

The U.S. Copyright Act provides authors (or their heirs) a right to terminate U.S. licenses or assignments of rights in their copyrighted works in certain circumstances. This right does not apply to works that are “works made for hire.” Since the enactment of the Sound Recordings Act of 1971, as amended, which first accorded federal copyright protection for sound recordings in the U.S., virtually all of our agreements with recording artists provide that such recording artists render services under a work-made-for-hire relationship. A termination right exists under the U.S. Copyright Act for U.S. rights in musical compositions that are not “works made for hire.” If any of our commercially available sound recordings were determined not to be “works made for hire,” then the recording artists (or their heirs) could have the right to terminate the U.S. federal copyright rights they granted to us, generally during a five-year period starting at the end of 35 years from the date of release of a recording under a post-1977 license or assignment (or, in the case of a pre-1978 grant in a pre-1978 recording, generally during a five-year period starting at the end of 56 years from the date of copyright). A termination of U.S. federal copyright rights could have an adverse effect on our Recorded Music business. From time to time, authors (or their heirs) have the opportunity to terminate our U.S. rights in musical compositions. We believe the effect of any potential terminations is already reflected in the financial results of our business.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock and Warrants

The market price of our Common Stock and Warrants is likely to be highly volatile, and you may lose some or all of your investment.

The market price of our Common Stock and Warrants may be highly volatile and may be subject to wide fluctuations in response to a variety of factors, including the following:

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In addition, the stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. These fluctuations have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. Broad market and industry factors, as well as general economic, political, regulatory and market conditions, may negatively affect the market price of our Common Stock and Warrants, regardless of our actual operating performance.

We have Warrants outstanding that are exercisable for our Common Stock, which, if exercised, would increase the number of shares eligible for future resale in the public market and result in dilution to our stockholders.

As of March 31, 2023, our outstanding Warrants included 5,750,000 publicly-traded warrants (the “Public Warrants”), which were issued during ROCC’s initial public offering on December 15, 2020, and 137,500 warrants sold in a private placement to ROCC’s sponsor (the “Private Warrants”). Each whole Warrant entitles the registered holder to purchase one whole share of Common Stock at a price of $11.50 per share. To the extent such Warrants are exercised, additional shares of our Common Stock will be issued, which will result in dilution to the holders of our Common Stock and increase the number of shares eligible for resale in the public market. Sales of substantial numbers of such shares in the public market or the fact that such Warrants may be exercised could adversely affect the prevailing market price of our Common Stock.

We may redeem unexpired Warrants prior to their exercise at a time that is disadvantageous to you, thereby making the Warrants worthless.

We have the ability to redeem the outstanding Public Warrants at any time after they become exercisable and prior to their expiration, at a price of $0.01 per Warrant, provided that the closing price of our Common Stock equals or exceeds $18.00 per share for any 20 trading days within a 30 trading-day period ending three business days before we send the notice of redemption to the registered holders. If we call the Public Warrants for redemption, our management will have the option to require all holders that wish to exercise the Public Warrants to do so on a cashless basis. In addition, we may exercise our redemption right even if we are unable to register or qualify the underlying securities for sale under all applicable state securities laws. As a result, we may redeem the Public Warrants as set forth above even if the holders are otherwise unable to exercise such Public Warrants. Redemption of the outstanding Public Warrants could force you to (i) exercise your Warrants and pay the exercise price therefor at a time when it may be disadvantageous for you to do so, (ii) sell your Warrants at the then-current market price when you might otherwise wish to hold your Warrants or (iii) accept the nominal redemption price which, at the time the outstanding Warrants are called for redemption, may be substantially less than the market value of your Warrants. The Private Warrants are non-redeemable so long as they are held by the initial purchasers or their permitted transferees. If the Private Warrants are held by someone other than the initial purchasers or their permitted transferees, the Private Warrants will be redeemable by us and exercisable by such holders on the same basis as the Public Warrants.

Due to the nature of our business, our results of operations, cash flows and the trading price of our Common Stock and Warrants may fluctuate significantly from period to period.

Our results of operations are affected by the amount and quality of music that we release, the number of releases that include musical compositions published by us, timing of release schedules and, more importantly, the consumer demand for these releases. We also make advance payments to songwriters and artists, which impact our results of operations and operating cash flows. The timing of releases and advance payments is largely based on business and other considerations and is made without regard to the impact of the timing of the release on our financial results. In addition, certain of our license agreements with digital music services contain minimum guarantees and/or require that we are paid minimum guarantee payments. Our results of operations and cash flows in any reporting period may be materially affected by the timing of releases and advance payments and minimum guarantees, which may result in significant fluctuations from period to period, which may have an adverse impact on the price of our Common Stock or Warrants.

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Volatility in our stock price could subject us to securities class action litigation.

In the past, securities class action litigation has often been brought against a company following a decline in the market price of its securities. If we face such litigation, it could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could adversely affect our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about us, or publish negative reports, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our Common Stock and Warrants will depend, in part, on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us. We do not have any control over these analysts. In addition, because we did not become a public reporting company by means of a traditional underwritten initial public offering, security or industry analysts may not provide, or be less likely to provide, coverage of us. If our financial performance fails to meet analyst estimates or one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our Common Stock or Warrants or change their opinion, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

Because we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future, capital appreciation, if any, would be your sole source of gain.

We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings for the development, operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our Common Stock or Warrants would be your sole source of gain on an investment in our Common Stock or Warrants for the foreseeable future.

The future sales of shares by our stockholders may adversely affect the market price of our Common Stock and Warrants.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our Common Stock in the public market could occur at any time. If our stockholders sell, or the market perceives that our stockholders intend to sell, substantial amounts of our Common Stock in the public market, the market price of our Common Stock could decline.

The holders of the Founder Shares are entitled to registration rights pursuant to a registration rights agreement entered into in connection with the IPO. The holders of the majority of these securities are entitled to make up to three demands that we register such securities. The holders of the majority of the Founder Shares, the Private Units and any working capital loans made to us are entitled to make up to two demands that we register such securities. The holders of the majority of the Founder Shares can elect to exercise these registration rights at any time commencing three months prior to the date on which the Founder Shares are to be released from escrow. In addition, the holders have certain “piggy-back” registration rights with respect to registration statements filed subsequent to the consummation of the Business Combination. The presence of these additional Founder Shares trading in the public market may have an adverse effect on the market price of our Common Stock.

We are an emerging growth company, and we cannot be certain if the reduced reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our Common Stock or Warrants less attractive to investors.

We are an emerging growth company, as defined in the JOBS Act. For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies,” including exemption from compliance with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation and exemptions from the requirements of holding a non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (i)(x) December 15, 2025, (y) the date on which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.07 billion, or (z) the date on which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of shares of our Common Stock and Warrants that are held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the prior September 30th, and (ii) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period.

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In addition, under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have elected to avail ourselves of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards and, therefore, we will not be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.

Even after we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, we may continue to qualify as a “smaller reporting company,” which would allow us to take advantage of many of the same exemptions from disclosure requirements including exemption from compliance with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and other periodic reports and proxy statements.

We cannot predict if investors will find our Common Stock or Warrants less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our Common Stock or Warrants less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our Common Stock and Warrants and their market prices may be more volatile.

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The principal costs associated with our Music Publishing business are as follows:

Recorded Music Segment

Our Recorded Music business consists of three primary areas of sound recording ownership. First is the active marketing, promotion, distribution, sale and licensing of newly created frontline sound recordings from Current Artists that we own and control. This is a new area of focus for us and does not yet produce significant revenue. The second is the active marketing, promotion, distribution, sale and license of previously recorded and subsequently acquired Catalog recordings. The third is acquisition of full or partial interests in existing record labels, sound recording catalogs or income rights to a royalty stream associated with an established recording artist or producer contract in connection with existing sound recordings. Acquisition of these income participation interests are typically in connection with recordings that are owned, controlled, and marketed by other record labels.

Our Current Artist and Catalog recorded music businesses are both primarily handled by our Chrysalis Records label based in London and our Tommy Boy record label based in New York City. In the United States, we also manage some select Catalog recorded music under our Philly Groove Records and Reservoir Records labels. We also own income participation interests in recordings by The Isley Brothers, The Commodores, Wisin and Yandel, Alabama and Travis Tritt, and an interest in the Loud Records catalog containing recordings by the Wu-Tang Clan. Our core Catalog includes recordings under the Chrysalis Records label by artists such as Sinéad O’Connor, The Specials, Generation X and The Waterboys, and De La Soul, as well as recordings under the Tommy Boy record label by artists such as House of Pain, Naughty By Nature, and Queen Latifah.

Our Current Artist and Catalog recorded music distribution is handled by a network of distribution partners. Chrysalis Records current frontline releases are distributed through Secretly Distribution, with prior frontline releases distributed via PIAS. Chrysalis Records and Tommy Boy catalogues are distributed via our agreements with MERLIN, AMPED, Proper and other partners.

Through our distribution network, our music is being sold in physical retail outlets as well as in physical form to online physical retailers, such as amazon.com, and distributed in digital form to an expanding universe of digital partners, including streaming services such as Amazon, Apple, Deezer, SoundCloud, Spotify, Tencent Music Entertainment Group and YouTube, radio services such as iHeart Radio and SiriusXM, and download services. We also license music digitally to fitness platforms such as Apple Fitness+, Equinox, Hydrow and Peloton and social media outlets, such as Facebook, Instagram, TikTok and Snap.

Recorded Music revenues are derived from four main sources:

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The principal costs associated with our Recorded Music business are as follows:

Business Combination

On July 28, 2021 (the “Closing Date”), we consummated a business combination (the “Business Combination”) between Roth CH Acquisition II Co. (“ROCC”), Roth CH II Merger Sub Corp., a wholly-owned subsidiary of ROCC, and Reservoir Holdings, Inc. (“RHI”). In connection with the consummation of the Business Combination, “Roth CH Acquisition II Co.” was renamed “Reservoir Media, Inc.” Our common stock, $0.0001 par value per share (the “Common Stock”) and warrants are traded on The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“NASDAQ”) under the ticker symbols “RSVR” and “RSVRW,” respectively.  

The Business Combination was accounted for as a reverse capitalization. Under this method of accounting, ROCC was treated as the “acquired” company for accounting purposes, and the Business Combination was accounted as the equivalent of RHI issuing stock for the net assets of ROCC, accompanied by a recapitalization. RHI is deemed to be the accounting predecessor of the combined business and the successor SEC registrant, meaning that RHI’s financial statements for previous periods will be disclosed in future periodic reports filed with the SEC. See Note 3, “Business Combination and PIPE Investment” to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for additional information with respect to the Business Combination and related transactions.

COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic that emerged in 2020 has disrupted physical and manufacturing supply chains and required the closures of physical retailers. Additionally, stay-at-home orders, limited indoor and outdoor gatherings and other restrictions have negatively affected our business in other ways, such as, making it impossible to hold live concert tours, delaying the release of new recordings and disrupting the production and release of motion pictures and television programs. However, the disruption from the COVID-19 pandemic may have accelerated growth of other revenue streams such as fitness and interactive gaming (including augmented reality and virtual reality).

Factors Affecting Results of Operations and Comparability

Throughout our history, we have constantly acquired new assets and subsidiaries and signed new writers and more recently new recording artists. These investing activities have had the largest impact on our growth over time. We have also invested in our operations to create a platform for the Music Publishing and Recorded Music segments to scale and grow. We did not complete any individually significant acquisition transactions during Fiscal 2023. On June 2, 2021, we acquired, through a membership interest purchase agreement, Tommy Boy Music, LLC (“Tommy Boy”), a 40-year-old record label, which included a diverse catalog of primarily recorded music rights and some music publishing rights.

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Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We prepare our financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP” or “GAAP”). However, this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations also contains certain non-GAAP financial measures to assist readers in understanding our performance. Non-GAAP financial measures either exclude or include amounts that are not reflected in the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP. Where non-GAAP financial measures are used, we have provided the most directly comparable measures calculated and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP, a reconciliation to GAAP measures and a discussion of the reasons why management believes this information is useful to it and may be useful to investors.

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Revenues

Total revenues increased by $14,446 thousand, or 13%, during Fiscal 2023 compared to Fiscal 2022, driven by an 18% increase in Recorded Music revenue, a 9% increase in Music Publishing revenue and a 188% increase in Other revenue related to the Company’s artist management business, reflecting strong touring and merchandise revenue in a post-COVID environment. Music Publishing revenues represented 69% and 71% of total revenues for Fiscal 2023 and Fiscal 2022, respectively. Recorded Music revenues represented 28% and 27% of total revenues for Fiscal 2023 and Fiscal 2022, respectively. Other revenue represented 3% and 1% of total revenues for Fiscal 2023 and Fiscal 2022, respectively. U.S. and international revenues represented 59% and 41%, respectively of total revenues for Fiscal 2023. U.S. and international revenues represented 53% and 47%, respectively of total revenues Fiscal 2022. The shift in mix between Music Publishing and Recorded Music and the shift in geographic mix are both primarily attributable to the Tommy Boy Acquisition. Additionally, the shift in geographic mix is partly the result of an updated estimate of U.S. mechanical royalties related to the recent CRB ruling and an unfavorable impact on Chrysalis revenue from the change in the GBP to U.S. dollar exchange rate.

Total digital revenues increased by $11,262 thousand, or 20%, during Fiscal 2023 compared to Fiscal 2022. Total digital revenues represented 55% and 52% of consolidated revenues for Fiscal 2023 and Fiscal 2022, respectively.

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Music Publishing revenues increased by $6,763 thousand, or 9%, during Fiscal 2023 compared to Fiscal 2022. This increase in Music Publishing revenue was mainly driven by acquisitions of catalogs and revenue from the existing catalog, which led to increases in digital revenue, synchronization revenue, mechanical revenue and performance revenue. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in other revenue, reflecting the nonrecurrence of revenues recognized in the prior year from Dubai Expo.

On a geographic basis, U.S. Music Publishing revenues represented 60% of total Music Publishing revenues for Fiscal 2023 compared to 52% for Fiscal 2022. International Music Publishing revenues represented 40% of total Music Publishing revenues for Fiscal 2023 compared to 48% for Fiscal 2022. The shift in geographic mix is primarily the result of an updated estimate of U.S. mechanical royalties related to the recent CRB ruling, as well as an increase in U.S. synchronization revenue.

Recorded Music revenues increased by $5,314 thousand, or 18%, during Fiscal 2023 compared Fiscal 2022. This increase in Recorded Music revenue was driven in part by the acquisition of Tommy Boy in June 2021, which contributed $15,165 to Recorded Music revenue during Fiscal 2023 compared to $10,799 thousand during Fiscal 2022. Digital revenue increased by $4,563 thousand primarily due to the acquisition of Tommy Boy and due to the continued growth at music streaming services. Increases in neighboring rights and synchronization revenue were also primarily due to the acquisition of Tommy Boy. The $364 thousand decrease in physical revenue primarily reflects the more significant release schedule in Fiscal 2022 than Fiscal 2023.

On a geographic basis, U.S. Recorded Music revenues represented 55% of total Recorded Music revenues for Fiscal 2023 compared to 54% for Fiscal 2022. International Recorded Music revenues represented 45% of total Recorded Music revenues for Fiscal 2023 compared to 46% for Fiscal 2022.

Cost of revenues increased by $3,800 thousand, or 9%, during Fiscal 2023 compared Fiscal 2022. Cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues decreased to 39% for Fiscal 2023 compared to 41% for Fiscal 2022, reflecting a small margin increase for Recorded Music, as discussed below, and an increase in Other revenue.

Writer royalties and other publishing costs for the Music Publishing segment increased by $3,057 thousand, or 9%, during Fiscal 2023 compared Fiscal 2022. Writer royalties and other publishing costs as a percentage of Music Publishing revenues were 46% for Fiscal 2023 and Fiscal 2022.

Artist royalties and other recorded music costs for the Recorded Music segment increased by $743 thousand, or 9%, during Fiscal 2023 compared to Fiscal 2022. This increase was due primarily to increased revenue from the acquisition of Tommy Boy. Artist royalties and other recorded music costs as a percentage of Recorded Music revenues decreased to 27% for Fiscal 2023 compared to 30% for Fiscal 2022. The increase in margins was due primarily to a decrease in physical revenue, which carries a higher cost of revenue than other revenue types. Additionally, margins were affected by a change in the general mix of earnings by type and artists with their specific contractual royalty rates being applied to the revenues.

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Amortization and depreciation expense increased by $3,053 thousand, or 16%, during Fiscal 2023 compared to Fiscal 2022, driven by increases in both the Music Publishing and Recorded Music segments. Music Publishing amortization and depreciation expense increased by $2,752 thousand, or 20%, during Fiscal 2023 compared to Fiscal 2022, primarily due to the acquisition of additional music catalogs. Recorded Music amortization and depreciation increased by $308 thousand, or 6%, during Fiscal 2023 compared to Fiscal 2022, primarily due to the acquisition of Tommy Boy.

Total administration expenses increased by $5,889 thousand, or 23%, during Fiscal 2023 compared to Fiscal 2022, reflecting increases in both the Music Publishing and Recorded Music segments, as well as an increase in Other administration expenses. Expressed as a percentage of revenues, administration expenses increased to 25% for Fiscal 2023 from 23% for Fiscal 2022, due to increased administration expenses associated with being a public company for a full year, an increase in share-based compensation expense and increased costs related to establishing a U.S. Recorded Music platform due to the acquisition of Tommy Boy.

Music Publishing administration expenses increased by $2,992 thousand, or 18%, during Fiscal 2023 compared to Fiscal 2022. Expressed as a percentage of revenues, Music Publishing administration expenses increased to 24% for Fiscal 2023 from 22% for Fiscal 2022, driven primarily by increased administration expenses associated with being a public company for a full year and an increase in share-based compensation expense.

Recorded Music administration expenses increased by $1,160 thousand, or 16%, during Fiscal 2023 compared to Fiscal 2022, primarily due to increases at Chrysalis Records and the acquisition of Tommy Boy. Expressed as a percentage of revenue, Recorded Music administration expenses decreased to 24% for Fiscal 2023 from 25% for Fiscal 2022, primarily due to taking advantage of operating leverage on the Recorded Music platform, partially offset by increased administration expenses associated with being a public company for a full year.

Other administration expenses increased by $1,737 thousand, or 188%, during Fiscal 2023 compared to Fiscal 2022, primarily due to selling expenses associated with our artist management business.

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Interest Expense

Interest expense increased by $3,885 thousand, or 36% during Fiscal 2023 compared to Fiscal 2022. This increase was driven by increased debt balances due to the use of funds in catalog acquisitions and writer signings and increases in LIBOR/SOFR. In connection with the Second Amendment of the RMM Credit Agreement on December 16, 2022, the indexed interest rate in the RMM Credit Agreement was modified from LIBOR to SOFR effective on the amendment date.

Loss on Early Extinguishment of Debt

In connection with the Second Amendment of the RMM Credit Agreement in December 2022, the Company recorded a loss on early extinguishment of debt of $914 thousand, which reflects the write-off of a portion of unamortized debt issuance costs.

Gain on Foreign Exchange

Gain on foreign exchange was $269 thousand for Fiscal 2023 compared to $331 thousand for Fiscal 2022. This change was due to fluctuations in the two foreign currencies we are directly exposed to, namely British pound sterling and euro.

Gain on Fair Value of Swaps

Gain on fair value of swaps decreased by $5,793 thousand during Fiscal 2023 compared to Fiscal 2022. This change was due to the marking to market of our interest rate swap hedges.

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense increased to $5,625 thousand during Fiscal 2023 compared to $4,253 thousand during Fiscal 2022. The effective income tax rate during Fiscal 2023 was 66.9% compared to 24.5% during Fiscal 2022. The increase in income tax expense during Fiscal 2023 was driven primarily by incremental tax expense of $3,659 thousand due to the increase in the value of deferred tax liabilities arising from a change in estimate of the applicable tax rate used to measure our international deferred tax liabilities in the United Kingdom, which increased our effective tax rate by 39.0%. The increase in the effective income tax rate also reflects changes in the mix of income from multiple tax jurisdictions.

Net Income

Net income decreased by $10,349 thousand, or 79%, during Fiscal 2023 compared to Fiscal 2022, driven primarily by a $5,793 thousand decrease in gain on fair value of swaps, a $3,885 thousand increase in interest expense, a $1,372 thousand increase in income tax expense and a $914 thousand loss on early extinguishment of debt in Fiscal 2023. These factors were partially offset by a $1,705 thousand increase in operating income.

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Non-GAAP Reconciliations

We use certain financial information, such as OIBDA, OIBDA Margin, EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA, which are non-GAAP financial measures, which means they have not been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Reservoir’s management uses these non-GAAP financial measures to evaluate our operations, measure its performance and make strategic decisions. We believe that the use of these non-GAAP financial measures provides useful information to investors and others in understanding our results of operations and trends in the same manner as our management and in evaluating our financial measures as compared to the financial measures of other similar companies, many of which present similar non-GAAP financial measures. However, these non-GAAP financial measures are subject to inherent limitations as they reflect the exercise of judgments by our management about which items are excluded or included in determining these non-GAAP financial measures and, therefore, should not be considered as a substitute for net income, operating income or any other operating performance measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. Using such non-GAAP financial measures in isolation to analyze our business would have material limitations because the calculations are based on the subjective determination of our management regarding the nature and classification of events and circumstances. In addition, although other companies in our industry may report measures titled OIBDA, OIBDA margin and Adjusted EBITDA, or similar measures, such non-GAAP financial measures may be calculated differently from how we calculate such non-GAAP financial measures, which reduces their overall usefulness as comparative measures. Because of these limitations, such non-GAAP financial measures should be considered alongside other financial performance measures and other financial results presented in accordance with GAAP. Reconciliations of OIBDA to operating income and EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA to net income are provided below.

We consider operating income before non-cash depreciation of tangible assets and non-cash amortization of intangible assets (“OIBDA”) to be an important indicator of the operational strengths and performance of our businesses and believe this non-GAAP financial measure provides useful information to investors because it removes the significant impact of amortization from our results of operations and represents our measure of segment income. However, a limitation of the use of OIBDA as a performance measure is that it does not reflect the periodic costs of certain capitalized tangible and intangible assets used in generating revenues in our businesses and other non-operating income. Accordingly, OIBDA should be considered in addition to, not as a substitute for, operating income, net income attributable to us and other measures of financial performance reported in accordance with GAAP. In addition, our definition of OIBDA may differ from similarly titled measures used by other companies. OIBDA Margin is defined as OIBDA as a percentage of revenue.

EBITDA is defined as earnings (net income or loss) before net interest expense, income tax (benefit) expense, non-cash depreciation of tangible assets and non-cash amortization of intangible assets and is used by management to measure operating performance of the business. Adjusted EBITDA is defined as EBITDA further adjusted to exclude items or expenses such as, among others, (1) any non-cash charges (including any impairment charges and loss on early extinguishment of debt), (2) any net gain or loss on foreign exchange, (3) any net gain or loss resulting from interest rate swaps, (4) equity-based compensation expense and (5) certain unusual or non-recurring items. Adjusted EBITDA is a key measure used by our management to understand and evaluate operating performance, generate future operating plans and make strategic decisions regarding the allocation of capital. However, certain limitations on the use of Adjusted EBITDA include, among others, (1) it does not reflect the periodic costs of certain capitalized tangible and intangible assets used in generating revenue for our business, (2) it does not reflect the significant interest expense or cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payments on our indebtedness and (3) it does not reflect every cash expenditure, future requirements for capital expenditures or contractual commitments. In particular, Adjusted EBITDA measure adds back certain non-cash, unusual or non-recurring charges that are deducted in calculating net income; however, these are expenses that may recur, vary greatly and are difficult to predict. In addition, Adjusted EBITDA is not the same as net income or cash flow provided by operating activities as those terms are defined by GAAP and does not necessarily indicate whether cash flows will be sufficient to fund cash needs.

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OIBDA

Consolidated OIBDA increased by $4,758 thousand, or 12%, during Fiscal 2023 compared to Fiscal 2022, driven by a 25% increase in Recorded Music OIBDA. Additionally, Other OIBDA related to the Company’s artist management business increased by $632 thousand during Fiscal 2023 compared to Fiscal 2022, driven by strong touring and merchandise revenue. Expressed as a percentage of revenue, OIBDA Margin decreased to 35% for Fiscal 2023 from 36% for Fiscal 2022, primarily because of increased administration expenses associated with being a public company for a full year, an increase in share-based compensation expense and increased costs related to acquisitions, partially offset by revenue growth.

Music Publishing OIBDA increased by $713 thousand, or 3%, during Fiscal 2023 compared to Fiscal 2022. Expressed as a percentage of revenue, Music Publishing OIBDA Margin decreased to 30% in Fiscal 2023 from 32% in Fiscal 2022. The decreases in Music Publishing OIBDA and OIBDA Margin reflect increased administration expenses associated with being a public company for a full year, partially offset by revenue growth.

Recorded Music OIBDA increased by $3,411 thousand, or 25% during Fiscal 2023 compared to Fiscal 2022. Expressed as a percentage of revenue, Recorded Music OIBDA Margin increased to 49% during Fiscal 2023 from 46% in Fiscal 2022. These increases reflect increases at Chrysalis Records and the acquisition of Tommy Boy, improved operating leverage on the Recorded Music platform as a result of growth and a decrease in physical revenue, which carries a higher cost of revenue than other revenue types, partially offset by increased administration expenses associated with being a public company for a full year.

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NM - Not meaningful

^(a)Reflects the loss on a portion of unamortized debt issuance costs in connection with the Second Amendment to the RMM Credit Agreement.

^(b)Reflects the gain on foreign exchange fluctuations.

^(c)Reflects the non-cash gain on the mark-to-market of interest rate swaps.

^(d)Reflects non-cash stock-based compensation expense related to the Reservoir Media, Inc. 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan.

Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA increased by $5,071 thousand, or 12%, during Fiscal 2023 compared to Fiscal 2022, driven primarily by an increase in revenue, partially offset by increases in cost of revenue and administration expenses, including increased administration expenses associated with being a public company for a full year. Adjusted EBITDA Margin was 38% for Fiscal 2023 and Fiscal 2022, which is the net result of improved operating leverage offset by twelve months of public company costs in Fiscal 2023 with only eight months of public company costs in Fiscal 2022.

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Operating Activities

Cash provided by operating activities was $31,204 thousand for Fiscal 2023 compared to $12,479 thousand for Fiscal 2022. The primary driver of the $18,725 thousand increase in cash provided by operating activities during Fiscal 2023 as compared to Fiscal 2022 was a decrease in net cash used for working capital, primarily related to royalty advances (net of recoupments), accounts receivable and the timing of payments of accounts payable and accrued liabilities.

Investing Activities

Cash used in investing activities was $72,231 thousand for Fiscal 2023 compared to $196,823 thousand for Fiscal 2022. The decrease in cash used in investing activities was primarily due to decreased acquisitions of music catalogs compared to Fiscal 2022, which included the acquisition of Tommy Boy on June 2, 2021 for approximately $100 million.

Financing Activities

Cash provided by financing activities was $38,462 thousand for Fiscal 2023 compared to $196,534 thousand for Fiscal 2022. The decrease in cash provided by financing activities in Fiscal 2023 primarily reflects the Business Combination and PIPE Investment that occurred in Fiscal 2022.

Liquidity

Our primary sources of liquidity are the cash flows generated from our subsidiaries’ operations, available cash and cash equivalents and funds available for drawing under our Senior Credit Facility (as described below). These sources of liquidity are needed to fund our debt service requirements, working capital requirements, strategic acquisitions and investments, capital expenditures and other investing and financing activities we may elect to make in the future.

We believe that our primary sources of liquidity will be sufficient to support our existing operations over the next twelve months.

Existing Debt as of March 31, 2023

As of March 31, 2023, our outstanding debt consisted of $317,828 thousand borrowed under the Senior Credit Facility. As of March 31, 2023, remaining borrowing availability under the Senior Credit Facility was $132,172 thousand.

We use cash generated from operations to service outstanding debt, consisting primarily of interest payments through maturity, and we expect to continue to refinance and extend maturity on the Senior Credit Facility for the foreseeable future.

Debt Capital Structure

Since 2014, RMM has been the borrower under a revolving credit and term loan agreement (the “Prior Credit Facility”) with SunTrust Bank (Truist Bank) as the administrative agent and lead arranger. The Prior Credit Facility has been amended and restated a number of times since 2014, generally leading to extensions of maturity dates and increases in the facility size.

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On July 28, 2021, in connection with the consummation of the Business Combination, RMM amended and restated the Prior Credit Facility by entering the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the “RMM Credit Agreement”), providing RMM with a senior secured credit facility in an aggregate amount of $248,750 thousand. On December 7, 2021, RMM entered into an amendment (the “First Amendment”) to the RMM Credit Agreement. The First Amendment amended the RMM Credit Agreement to increase RMM’s senior secured revolving credit facility from $248,750 thousand to an aggregate amount of $350,000 thousand (the “Senior Credit Facility”).

On December 16, 2022, RMM entered into an amendment (the “Second Amendment”) to the RMM Credit Agreement. The Second Amendment amended the RMM Credit Agreement to (i) increase RMM’s senior secured revolving credit facility from $350,000 thousand to $450,000 thousand, (ii) increase the incremental borrowing available under the facility’s accordion feature from $50,000 thousand to $150,000 thousand , (iii) extend the maturity date of the loans advanced under the RMM Credit Agreement from October 16, 2024 to December 16, 2027, (iv) modify the interest rate to be equal to either the sum of a base rate plus a margin of 1.00% or the sum of a SOFR rate plus a margin of 2.00%, in each case subject to a 0.25% increase based on a consolidated net senior debt to library value ratio, (v) remove the existing total leverage ratio financial covenant of no greater than 7.50:1.00 (net of up to $20,000 thousand of certain cash balances) as of the end of each fiscal quarter, (vi) reduce the minimum required fixed charge coverage ratio financial covenant to 1.10:1.00 and (vii) modify the consolidated senior debt to library value ratio financial covenant to 0.450, subject to certain adjustments. In connection with the Second Amendment, RMM recorded a loss on early extinguishment of debt of approximately $914 thousand that reflects the write-off of a portion of unamortized previous debt issuance costs and capitalized approximately $3,500 thousand in new debt issuance costs. RMM is also required to pay an unused fee in respect of unused commitments under the Senior Credit Facility, if any, at a rate of 0.25% per annum.

Subject to market conditions, we expect to continue to take opportunistic steps to extend our maturity dates and reduce related interest expense. From time to time, we may incur additional indebtedness for, among other things, working capital, repurchasing, redeeming or tendering for existing indebtedness and acquisitions or other strategic transactions.

Certain terms of the Senior Credit Facility are described below.

Guarantees and Security

The obligations under the Senior Credit Facility are guaranteed by us, RHI and subsidiaries of RMM. Substantially all of our, RHI’s, RMM’s and other subsidiary guarantors’ tangible and intangible assets are pledged as collateral to secure the obligations of RMM under the Senior Credit Facility, including accounts receivable, cash and cash equivalents, deposit accounts, securities accounts, commodities accounts, inventory and certain intercompany debt owing to us or our subsidiaries.

Covenants, Representations and Warranties

The Senior Credit Facility contains customary representations and warranties and customary affirmative and negative covenants. The negative covenants contained in the Senior Credit Facility limit the ability our, RHI’s, RMM’s and certain of its subsidiaries ability to, among other things, incur debt or liens, merge or consolidate with others, make investments, make cash dividends, redeem or repurchase capital stock, dispose of assets, enter into transactions with affiliates or enter into certain restrictive agreements.

Events of Default

The Senior Credit Facility includes customary events of default, including nonpayment of principal when due, nonpayment of interest or other amounts, inaccuracy of representations or warranties in any material respect, violation of covenants, certain bankruptcy or insolvency events, certain ERISA events and certain material judgments, in each case, subject to customary thresholds, notice and grace period provisions.

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Covenant Compliance

The Senior Credit Facility contains financial covenants that requires us, on a consolidated basis with our subsidiaries, to maintain, (i) a fixed charge coverage ratio of not less than 1.10:1.00 for each four fiscal quarter period, and (iii) a consolidated senior debt to library value ratio of no greater than 0.45:1.00, subject to certain adjustments.

Non-compliance with the fixed charge coverage ratio and consolidated senior debt to library value ratio could result in the lenders, subject to customary cure rights, requiring the immediate payment of all amounts outstanding under the Senior Credit Facility, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations. As of March 31, 2023, with a fixed charge coverage ratio of 4.2x and a consolidated senior debt to library value ratio less than 34.2%, we were in compliance with both of the financial covenants under the Senior Credit Facility.

On March 10, 2022, two previous interest rate swaps expired with original notional amounts of $40,228 thousand and $59,325 thousand. Those interest rate swaps were replaced by two new swaps with original notional amounts of $88,090 thousand and $8,875 thousand which add to a third interest rate swap with an original notional amount of $53,030 thousand. All three current interest rate swaps mature on September 30, 2024, and RMM pays fixed rates of 1.533%, 1.422% and 0.972%, respectively, to the counterparty and received a floating interest payment from the counterparty based on SOFR with reference to notional amounts adjusted to match the original scheduled principal repayments pursuant to the indenture agreement.

In April 2023, the Company added an additional interest rate swap in the amount of $100 million. This swap has an effective date of September 30, 2024, which coincides with the expiration of the Company’s existing swaps, and a maturity date of December 16, 2027, which corresponds to the maturity date of the loans advanced under the RMM Credit Agreement. The Company will pay a fixed rate of 2.946% and receive a floating interest from the counterparty based on SOFR with reference to notional amounts adjusted to match the original scheduled principal repayments pursuant to the indenture agreement.

Dividends

Our ability to pay dividends is restricted by covenants in the Senior Credit Facility. We did not pay any dividends to stockholders during Fiscal 2023.

Summary

Management believes that funds generated from our operations, borrowings under the Senior Credit Facility and available cash and equivalents will be sufficient to fund our debt service requirements, working capital requirements and capital expenditure requirements for the foreseeable future. However, our ability to continue to fund these items and to reduce debt may be affected by general economic, financial, competitive, legislative and regulatory factors, as well as other industry-specific factors such as the ability to control music piracy and the continued transition from physical to digital formats in the recorded music and music publishing industries. It could also be affected by the severity and duration of natural or man-made disasters, including pandemics such as the COVID-19 pandemic. We and our affiliates continue to evaluate opportunities to, from time to time, depending on market conditions and prices, contractual restrictions, our financial liquidity and other factors, seek to pay dividends or prepay outstanding debt or repurchase or retire our outstanding debt. The amounts involved in any such transactions, individually or in the aggregate, may be material and may be funded

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from available cash or from additional borrowings or equity raises. In addition, from time to time, depending on market conditions and prices, contractual restrictions, our financial liquidity, and other factors, we may seek to refinance the Senior Credit Facility with existing cash and/or with funds provided from additional borrowings.

The following is a description of our firmly committed contractual obligations as of March 31, 2023:

Critical Accounting Policies

We believe that the following accounting policies involve a high degree of judgment and complexity. Accordingly, these are the policies we believe are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our consolidated financial condition and results of our operations. See Note 2 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, contained in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K for a description of our other significant accounting policies. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported in those financial statements and related notes thereto. The future effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on our results of operations, cash flows and financial position are unclear. However, we believe we have used reasonable estimates and assumptions in preparing the consolidated financial statements. Although we believe that the estimates we use are reasonable, due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making those estimates, actual results reported in future periods could differ from those estimates.

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Revenue and Cost Recognition

Revenues

As required by Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), Reservoir recognizes revenue when, or as, control of the promised services or goods is transferred to its customers and in an amount that reflects the consideration Reservoir is contractually due in exchange for those services or goods.

Music Publishing

Music Publishing revenues are earned from the receipt of royalties relating to the licensing of rights in musical compositions and the sale of published sheet music and songbooks. The receipt of royalties principally relates to amounts earned from the public performance of musical compositions, the mechanical reproduction of musical compositions on recorded media including digital formats and the use of musical compositions in synchronization with visual images. Music publishing royalties, except for synchronization royalties, generally are recognized when the sale or usage occurs. The most common form of consideration for publishing contracts is sales- and usage-based royalties. The collecting societies submit usage reports, typically with payment for royalties due, often on a quarterly or biannual reporting period, in arrears. Royalties are recognized as the sale or usage occurs based upon usage reports and, when these reports are not available, royalties are estimated based on historical data, such as recent royalties reported, company-specific information with respect to changes in repertoire, industry information and other relevant trends. Synchronization revenue is typically recognized as revenue when control of the license is transferred to the customer in accordance with ASC 606.

Recorded Music

Revenues from the sale or license of Recorded Music products through digital distribution channels are typically recognized when the sale or usage occurs based on usage reports received from the customer. Digital licensing contracts are generally long-term with consideration in the form of sales- and usage-based royalties that are typically received monthly. For certain licenses where the consideration is fixed and the intellectual property being licensed is static, revenue is recognized at the point in time when control of the licensed content is transferred to the customer. Revenues from the sale of physical Recorded Music products are recognized upon delivery, which occurs once the product has been shipped and control has been transferred.

Accounting for Royalty Costs and Royalty Advances

Reservoir incurs royalty costs that are payable to our recording artists and songwriters generated from the sale or license of our music publishing copyrights and recorded music catalogue. Royalties are calculated using negotiated rates in accordance with recording artist and songwriter contracts. Calculations are based on revenue earned or user/usage measures or a combination of these. There are instances where such data is not available to be processed and royalty cost calculations may be complex or involve judgments about significant volumes of data to be processed and analyzed.

In many instances, Reservoir commits to pay our recording artists and songwriters royalties in advance of future sales. Reservoir accounts for these advances under the related guidance in FASB ASC Topic 928, Entertainment — Music (“ASC 928”). Under ASC 928, Reservoir capitalizes as assets certain advances, which it believes are recoverable from future royalties to be earned by the recording artist or songwriter, when paid. Recoverability is assessed upon initial commitment of the advance based upon Reservoir’s forecast of anticipated revenue from the sale of future and existing albums or musical compositions. Reservoir regularly updates the recoverability assessment as additional data is available. In determining whether the advance is recoverable, Reservoir evaluates the current and past popularity of the recording artist or songwriter, the sales history of the recording artist or songwriter, the initial or expected commercial acceptability of the product, the current and past popularity of the genre of music that the product is designed to appeal to, and other relevant factors. Advances vary in both amount and expected life based on the underlying recording artist or songwriter. To the extent that a portion of an outstanding advance is no longer deemed recoverable, that amount will be expensed in the period the determination is made.

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Acquisitions and Business Combinations

In conjunction with each acquisition transaction, Reservoir assesses whether the transaction should follow accounting guidance applicable to an asset acquisition or a business combination. This assessment requires an evaluation of whether the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets, resulting in an asset acquisition or, if not, resulting in a business combination. If treated as an asset acquisition, the assets are recorded on a relative fair value basis in accordance with Reservoir’s accounting policies and related acquisition costs are capitalized as part of the asset.

In a business combination, Reservoir recognizes identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and non-controlling interests at their fair values at the acquisition date. Any consideration paid in excess of the net fair value of the identifiable assets and liabilities acquired in a business combination is recorded to goodwill and acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets consist primarily of music catalogs (publishing and recorded). Intangible assets are recorded at fair value in a business combination and relative fair value in an asset acquisition. Intangible assets are amortized over their expected useful lives using the straight-line method.

Reservoir periodically reviews the carrying value of its amortizable intangible assets, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable or that the lives assigned may no longer be appropriate. To the extent the estimated future cash inflows attributable to the asset, less estimated future cash outflows, are less than the carrying amount, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to the difference between the carrying value of such asset and its fair value. If it is determined that events and circumstances warrant a revision to the remaining period of amortization, an asset’s remaining useful life would be changed, and the remaining carrying amount of the asset would be amortized prospectively over that revised remaining useful life.

New Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies” to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, contained in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

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Item 8.Financial Statements and Supplementary Data