Selling, general and administrative expenses
Selling, general and administrative expenses (“SG&A”) of $62.9 million for the three months ended December 31, 2023, increased $1.4 million, or 2%, as compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022. SG&A for the three months ended December 31, 2023, included a $4.2 million cost for an unfavorable litigation result related to Brazil employment taxes paid from January 2013 through December 2015, an additional $0.3 million true-up to the pension settlement cost and $0.1 million for stock-based compensation. SG&A for the three months ended December 31, 2022, included $6.6 million of environmental remediation costs. Excluding these items, SG&A increased $3.4 million, or 6%.
Animal Health SG&A increased $2.3 million, primarily due to an increase in employee-related costs to support increased demand in Latin America and Asia Pacific. Mineral Nutrition and Performance Products SG&A was comparable to the prior year. Corporate costs increased by $1.4 million, driven by the planned increase in strategic investments.
Interest expense, net
Interest expense, net of $4.7 million for the three months ended December 31, 2023, increased by $0.8 million, as compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022, as a result of higher variable interest rates and slightly increased debt levels.
Foreign currency losses (gains), net
Foreign currency losses, net for the three months ended December 31, 2023, were $7.5 million, as compared to $(0.1) million of net gains for the three months ended December 31, 2022. Current period losses were driven by fluctuations in certain currencies related to the U.S. dollar, including a major devaluation in Argentina.
Provision for income taxes
The provision for income taxes was $2.3 million and $4.9 million for the three months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The effective income tax rates were 64.3% and 40.5% for the three months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The effective income tax rate for the three months ended December 31, 2023, increased due to an unfavorable mix of pre-tax income and related tax provisions in the various jurisdictions where we have operations and the relatively greater effect of certain items such as Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income on reduced pre-tax income.
Net income
Net income of $1.3 million for the three months ended December 31, 2023, decreased $5.9 million, as compared to net income of $7.2 million for the three months ended December 31, 2022. Operating income decreased $0.1 million, driven by higher SG&A, offset by favorable gross profit. Gross profit increased as a result of higher product demand in the Animal Health segment. SG&A included a $4.2 million cost for an unfavorable litigation result related to Brazil employment taxes paid from January 2013 through December 2015. Interest expense, net increased $0.8 million and foreign currency exchange resulted in increased losses of $7.6 million. Income tax expense increased by $2.6 million.
Adjusted EBITDA
Adjusted EBITDA of $29.5 million for the three months ended December 31, 2023, decreased $1.5 million, or 5%, as compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022. Animal Health Adjusted EBITDA increased $2.2 million due to gross profit from increased sales, partially offset by higher SG&A. Mineral Nutrition Adjusted EBITDA decreased $0.9 million, driven by lower gross profit. Performance Products Adjusted EBITDA decreased $1.5 million due to lower product demand and unfavorable product mix. Corporate expenses increased $1.3 million, driven by increased strategic investments.
Adjusted provision for income taxes
The adjusted provision for income taxes was $4.9 million and $7.2 million for the three months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The adjusted effective income tax rates were 26.7% and 34.3% for the three months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022,