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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
 (Mark one)
☑       QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934. 
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2022.
☐       TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934. 
For the transition period from _____________________ to _____________________.
Commission file number 0-4604
CINCINNATI FINANCIAL CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Ohio 31-0746871
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
6200 S. Gilmore Road, Fairfield,Ohio 45014-5141
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip code)
Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (513) 870-2000
N/A
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stockCINFNasdaq Global Select Market
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. 
☑Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
☑Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a nonaccelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definition of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
☑ Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☐ Nonaccelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company
☐ Emerging growth company
☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act):
☐Yes ☑ No
As of April 22, 2022, there were 160,355,247 shares of common stock outstanding.


CINCINNATI FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
FORM 10-Q FOR THE QUARTER ENDED March 31, 2022
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 

Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2022 10-Q
Page 2

Part I – Financial Information
Item 1.    Financial Statements (unaudited)
 
Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
(Dollars in millions, except per share data)March 31,December 31,
20222021
Assets  
Investments  
Fixed maturities, at fair value (amortized cost: 2022—$12,330; 2021—$12,230)
$12,376 $13,022 
Equity securities, at fair value (cost: 2022—$4,167; 2021—$4,121)
10,675 11,315 
Other invested assets348 329 
Total investments23,399 24,666 
Cash and cash equivalents987 1,139 
Investment income receivable147 144 
Finance receivable92 98 
Premiums receivable2,248 2,053 
Reinsurance recoverable556 570 
Prepaid reinsurance premiums79 78 
Deferred policy acquisition costs979 905 
Land, building and equipment, net, for company use (accumulated depreciation:
   2022—$309; 2021—$303)
203 205 
Other assets657 570 
Separate accounts903 959 
Total assets$30,250 $31,387 
Liabilities  
Insurance reserves  
Loss and loss expense reserves$7,366 $7,305 
Life policy and investment contract reserves3,027 3,014 
Unearned premiums3,560 3,271 
Other liabilities952 1,092 
Deferred income tax1,460 1,744 
Note payable49 54 
Long-term debt and lease obligations841 843 
Separate accounts903 959 
Total liabilities18,158 18,282 
Commitments and contingent liabilities (Note 12)
Shareholders' Equity  
Common stock, par value—$2 per share; (authorized: 2022 and 2021—500 million
   shares; issued: 2022 and 2021—198.3 million shares)
397 397 
Paid-in capital1,354 1,356 
Retained earnings12,241 12,625 
Accumulated other comprehensive income 59 648 
Treasury stock at cost (2022—38.0 million shares and 2021—38.0 million shares)
(1,959)(1,921)
Total shareholders' equity12,092 13,105 
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity$30,250 $31,387 
 Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2022 10-Q
Page 3

Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income
(Dollars in millions, except per share data)Three months ended March 31,
20222021
Revenues  
Earned premiums$1,690 $1,544 
Investment income, net of expenses185 174 
Investment gains and losses, net(666)504 
Fee revenues4 3 
Other revenues2 2 
Total revenues1,215 2,227 
Benefits and Expenses  
Insurance losses and contract holders' benefits1,039 1,003 
Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses519 439 
Interest expense13 13 
Other operating expenses4 4 
 Total benefits and expenses1,575 1,459 
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes(360)768 
Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes  
Current41 36 
Deferred(128)112 
Total provision (benefit) for income taxes(87)148 
Net Income (Loss)$(273)$620 
Per Common Share  
Net income (loss)—basic$(1.70)$3.85 
Net income (loss)—diluted(1.70)3.82 
Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2022 10-Q
Page 4

Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended March 31,
20222021
Net Income (Loss)$(273)$620 
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)  
Change in unrealized gains and losses on investments, net of tax (benefit) of $(157) and $(41), respectively
(589)(155)
Amortization of pension actuarial loss and prior service cost, net of tax of $0 and $1, respectively
— 3 
Change in life deferred acquisition costs, life policy reserves and other, net of tax of $0 and $2, respectively
— 8 
Other comprehensive income (loss)(589)(144)
Comprehensive Income (Loss)$(862)$476 
Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2022 10-Q
Page 5

Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended March 31,
20222021
Common Stock
   Beginning of period$397 $397 
   Share-based awards— — 
   End of period397 397 
Paid-In Capital
   Beginning of period1,356 1,328 
   Share-based awards(14)(16)
   Share-based compensation11 9 
   Other1 1 
   End of period1,354 1,322 
Retained Earnings
   Beginning of period12,625 10,085 
   Net income (loss)(273)620 
Dividends declared (111)(102)
   End of period12,241 10,603 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
   Beginning of period648 769 
   Other comprehensive loss(589)(144)
   End of period59 625 
Treasury Stock
   Beginning of period(1,921)(1,790)
   Share-based awards9 12 
   Shares acquired - share repurchase authorization(45)(28)
   Shares acquired - share-based compensation plans(2)(3)
   End of period(1,959)(1,809)
      Total Shareholders' Equity$12,092 $11,138 
(In millions, except per common share)
Common Stock - Shares Outstanding
   Beginning of period160.3 160.9 
   Share-based awards0.4 0.4 
   Shares acquired - share repurchase authorization(0.4)(0.3)
   End of period160.3 161.0 
Dividends declared per common share$0.69 $0.63 
Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2022 10-Q
Page 6

Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
 (Dollars in millions)Three months ended March 31,
20222021
Cash Flows From Operating Activities  
Net income (loss)$(273)$620 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:  
Depreciation and amortization29 23 
Investment gains and losses, net674 (501)
Share-based compensation11 9 
Interest credited to contract holders12 11 
Deferred income tax expense(128)112 
Changes in:  
Investment income receivable(3)2 
Premiums and reinsurance receivable(182)(166)
Deferred policy acquisition costs(68)(49)
Other assets(20)(33)
Loss and loss expense reserves61 204 
Life policy and investment contract reserves17 15 
Unearned premiums289 221 
Other liabilities(136)(80)
Current income tax receivable/payable(85)(34)
Net cash provided by operating activities198 354 
Cash Flows From Investing Activities  
Sale of fixed maturities55 30 
Call or maturity of fixed maturities296 300 
Sale of equity securities56 65 
Purchase of fixed maturities(460)(467)
Purchase of equity securities(90)(78)
Investment in finance receivables(3)(12)
Collection of finance receivables9 8 
Investment in building and equipment(4)(5)
Change in other invested assets, net(21)6 
Net cash used in investing activities(162)(153)
Cash Flows From Financing Activities  
Payment of cash dividends to shareholders(99)(95)
Shares acquired - share repurchase authorization(45)(28)
Changes in note payable
(5)3 
Proceeds from stock options exercised4 4 
Contract holders' funds deposited18 27 
Contract holders' funds withdrawn(32)(33)
Other(29)(32)
Net cash used in financing activities(188)(154)
Net change in cash and cash equivalents(152)47 
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year1,139 900 
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period$987 $947 
Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information:  
Income taxes paid121 66 
Noncash Activities  
Equipment acquired under finance lease obligations$2 $3 
Share-based compensation16 16 
Other assets and other liabilities10 44 
 Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2022 10-Q
Page 7

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
 
NOTE 1 — Accounting Policies
The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Cincinnati Financial Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries, each of which is wholly owned. These statements are presented in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
 
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Our actual results could differ from those estimates. Certain financial information that is normally included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP, but that is not required for interim reporting purposes, has been condensed or omitted.
 
Our March 31, 2022, condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited. We believe that we have made all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring accruals, that are necessary for fair presentation. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements included in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The results of operations for interim periods do not necessarily indicate results to be expected for the full year.

The company continues to monitor the impact of the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19) pandemic outbreak. The company cannot predict the impact the pandemic will have on its future consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows, however the impact could be material.

Pending Accounting Updates
ASU 2018-12, Financial Services - Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts
In August 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2018-12, Financial Services - Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts. ASU 2018-12 requires changes to the measurement and disclosure of long-duration insurance contracts. In November 2020, the FASB issued an ASU that delayed the effective date of ASU 2018-12 to interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2022. We plan to adopt these ASUs on a modified retrospective basis on January 1, 2023, with a transition date of January 1, 2021.

Related to the company's term and whole life products included in life policy and investment contract reserves, the new guidance requires that cash flow assumptions be reviewed at least annually to determine any necessary updates. Additionally, the discount rate assumption is required to be updated quarterly based on upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yields (market value discount rates). The life policy and investment contract reserves balance is adjusted through insurance losses and contract holders' benefits for cash flow assumption updates and through accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) for discount rate updates.

These ASUs also amend the previous guidance related to life deferred policy acquisition costs by requiring amortization of those costs on a constant level basis for a group of contracts that approximates straight-line and the removal of shadow deferred policy acquisition costs for universal life and deferred annuity products. These ASUs also require entities to provide additional disclosures including disaggregated rollforwards of the life policy and investment contract reserves, separate account liabilities and life deferred policy acquisition costs.

Management has identified that the requirement to measure term and whole life policy reserves using updated discount rates is expected to have a material impact on shareholders' equity, through an increase to life policy and investment contract reserves and a decrease to AOCI, at the transition date. The company is in the process of addressing necessary implementation-related items, including modifications to reporting and analysis capabilities as well as actuarial systems and associated data processes. Further, the company continues to refine its accounting policy decisions associated with the new guidance. Additional impacts of these ASUs on our company's consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows are being further evaluated by management.

Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2022 10-Q
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NOTE 2 – Investments
The following table provides amortized cost, gross unrealized gains, gross unrealized losses and fair value for our fixed-maturity securities:
(Dollars in millions)Amortized
cost		Gross unrealizedFair value
At March 31, 2022gainslosses
Fixed maturity securities:    
Corporate $7,131 $184 $166 $7,149 
States, municipalities and political subdivisions4,780 106 76 4,810 
Commercial mortgage-backed267 1 2 266 
United States government113 — 1 112 
Foreign government25 — — 25 
Government-sponsored enterprises 14 — — 14 
Total$12,330 $291 $245 $12,376 
At December 31, 2021    
Fixed maturity securities:    
Corporate $7,043 $467 $13 $7,497 
States, municipalities and political subdivisions4,768 330 3 5,095 
Commercial mortgage-backed 264 9 — 273 
United States government121 2 — 123 
Foreign government26 — — 26 
Government-sponsored enterprises8 — — 8 
Total$12,230 $808 $16 $13,022 
 
The decrease in net unrealized investment gains in our fixed-maturity portfolio at March 31, 2022, is primarily due to an increase in U.S. Treasury yields and a widening of corporate credit spreads. Our commercial mortgage-backed securities had an average rating of Aa2/AA at March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021.

Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2022 10-Q
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The table below provides fair values and gross unrealized losses by investment category and by the duration of the securities' continuous unrealized loss positions:
(Dollars in millions)Less than 12 months12 months or moreTotal
At March 31, 2022Fair
value		Unrealized
losses		Fair
value		Unrealized
losses		Fair
value		Unrealized
losses
Fixed maturity securities:      
Corporate $2,603 $157 $78 $9 $2,681 $166 
States, municipalities and political subdivisions977 72 21 4 998 76 
Commercial mortgage-backed128 2 10 — 138 2 
United States government72 1 — — 72 1 
Foreign government7 — — — 7 — 
Government-sponsored enterprises10 — 3 — 13 — 
Total$3,797 $232 $112 $13 $3,909 $245 
At December 31, 2021      
Fixed maturity securities:      
Corporate $861 $13 $15 $— $876 $13 
States, municipalities and political subdivisions105 2 2 1 107 3 
Commercial mortgage-backed10 — 11 — 21 — 
United States government48 — — — 48 — 
Foreign government16 — — — 16 — 
Government-sponsored enterprises7 — — — 7 — 
Total$1,047 $15 $28 $1 $1,075 $16 

Contractual maturity dates for fixed-maturities securities were:
(Dollars in millions)Amortized
cost		Fair
value		% of fair
value
At March 31, 2022
Maturity dates:   
Due in one year or less$686 $690 5.6 %
Due after one year through five years3,636 3,690 29.8 
Due after five years through ten years3,460 3,525 28.5 
Due after ten years4,548 4,471 36.1 
Total$12,330 $12,376 100.0 %

Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities when there is a right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2022 10-Q
Page 10

The following table provides investment income and investment gains and losses, net:
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended March 31,
20222021
Investment income:
Interest$123 $118 
Dividends65 58 
Other 1 2 
Total189 178 
Less investment expenses4 4 
Total$185 $174 
Investment gains and losses, net:  
Equity securities:  
Investment gains and losses on securities sold, net$8 $4 
Unrealized gains and losses on securities still held, net(683)487 
Subtotal(675)491 
Fixed maturities:  
Gross realized gains4 3 
Gross realized losses(1)— 
Subtotal3 3 
Other6 10 
Total$(666)$504 
 
The fair value of our equity portfolio was $10.675 billion and $11.315 billion at March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively. At March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, Apple Inc. (Nasdaq:AAPL), an equity holding, was our largest single investment holding with a fair value of $848 million and $862 million, which was 8.3% and 7.9% of our publicly traded common equities portfolio and 3.7% and 3.5% of the total investment portfolio, respectively.

At March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, the allowance for credit losses, including changes in the amount during each period, was less than $1 million. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, there was one fixed-maturity security that was written down to fair value due to an intention to be sold resulting in an impairment charge of less than $1 million. During the three months ended March 31, 2021, there were no fixed-maturity securities that were written down to fair value due to an intention to be sold.

At March 31, 2022, 1,377 fixed-maturity securities with a total unrealized loss of $245 million were in an unrealized loss position. Of that total, no fixed-maturity securities had fair values below 70% of amortized cost. At December 31, 2021, 278 fixed-maturity securities with a total unrealized loss of $16 million were in an unrealized loss position. Of that total, no fixed-maturity securities had fair values below 70% of amortized cost.

Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2022 10-Q
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NOTE 3 – Fair Value Measurements
In accordance with accounting guidance for fair value measurements and disclosures, we categorized our financial instruments, based on the priority of the observable and market-based data for the valuation technique used, into a three-level fair value hierarchy. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices with readily available independent data in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable market inputs (Level 3). When various inputs for measurement fall within different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the lowest observable input that has a significant impact on fair value measurement is used. Our valuation techniques have not changed from those used at December 31, 2021, and ultimately management determines fair value. See our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 3, Fair Value Measurements, Page 137, for information on characteristics and valuation techniques used in determining fair value.

Fair Value Disclosures for Assets
The following tables illustrate the fair value hierarchy for those assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis at March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021. We do not have any liabilities carried at fair value.
(Dollars in millions)Quoted prices in
active markets for
identical assets
(Level 1)		Significant other
observable inputs (Level 2)		Significant
unobservable
inputs
(Level 3)		Total
At March 31, 2022
Fixed maturities, available for sale:    
Corporate $— $7,149 $— $7,149 
States, municipalities and political subdivisions— 4,810 — 4,810 
Commercial mortgage-backed — 266 — 266 
United States government112 — — 112 
Foreign government— 25 — 25 
Government-sponsored enterprises— 14 — 14 
Subtotal112 12,264 — 12,376 
Common equities10,245 — — 10,245 
Nonredeemable preferred equities— 430 — 430 
Separate accounts taxable fixed maturities— 887 — 887 
Top Hat savings plan mutual funds and common
   equity (included in Other assets)		70 — — 70 
Total$10,427 $13,581 $— $24,008 
At December 31, 2021
Fixed maturities, available for sale:    
Corporate $— $7,497 $— $7,497 
States, municipalities and political subdivisions— 5,095 — 5,095 
Commercial mortgage-backed — 273 — 273 
United States government123 — — 123 
Foreign government— 26 — 26 
Government-sponsored enterprises— 8 — 8 
Subtotal123 12,899 — 13,022 
Common equities10,862 — — 10,862 
Nonredeemable preferred equities— 453 — 453 
Separate accounts taxable fixed maturities — 948 — 948 
Top Hat savings plan mutual funds and common
  equity (included in Other assets)		64 — — 64 
Total$11,049 $14,300 $— $25,349 
 
Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2022 10-Q
Page 12

We also held Level 1 cash and cash equivalents of $987 million and $1.139 billion at March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively.

Fair Value Disclosures for Assets and Liabilities Not Carried at Fair Value 
The disclosures below are presented to provide information about the effects of current market conditions on financial instruments that are not reported at fair value in our condensed consolidated financial statements.
 
This table summarizes the book value and principal amounts of our long-term debt:
(Dollars in millions) Book valuePrincipal amount
Interest
rate		Year of 
issue		 March 31,December 31,March 31,December 31,
 2022202120222021
6.900%1998Senior debentures, due 2028$27 $27 $28 $28 
6.920%2005Senior debentures, due 2028391 391 391 391 
6.125%2004Senior notes, due 2034371 371 374 374 
Total $789 $789 $793 $793 
 
The following table shows fair values of our note payable and long-term debt:
(Dollars in millions)Quoted prices in
active markets for
identical assets
(Level 1)		Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)Significant
unobservable
inputs
(Level 3)		Total
At March 31, 2022
Note payable$— $49 $— $49 
6.900% senior debentures, due 2028
— 32 — 32 
6.920% senior debentures, due 2028
— 466 — 466 
6.125% senior notes, due 2034
— 462 — 462 
Total$— $1,009 $— $1,009 
At December 31, 2021
Note payable$— $54 $— $54 
6.900% senior debentures, due 2028
— 34 — 34 
6.920% senior debentures, due 2028
— 501 — 501 
6.125% senior notes, due 2034
— 510 — 510 
Total$— $1,099 $— $1,099 
 
Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2022 10-Q
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The following table shows the fair value of our life policy loans included in other invested assets and the fair values of our deferred annuities and structured settlements included in life policy and investment contract reserves:
(Dollars in millions)Quoted prices in
active markets for
identical assets
(Level 1)		Significant other
observable inputs (Level 2)		Significant
unobservable
inputs
(Level 3)		Total
At March 31, 2022
Life policy loans$— $— $40 $40 
Deferred annuities— — 704 704 
Structured settlements— 177 — 177 
Total$— $177 $704 $881 
At December 31, 2021
Life policy loans$— $— $44 $44 
Deferred annuities— — 778 778 
Structured settlements— 201 — 201 
Total$— $201 $778 $979 
 
Outstanding principal and interest for these life policy loans totaled $30 million and $31 million at March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively.
 
Recorded reserves for the deferred annuities were $757 million and $762 million at March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively. Recorded reserves for the structured settlements were $135 million and $136 million at March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively.


Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2022 10-Q
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NOTE 4 – Property Casualty Loss and Loss Expenses
This table summarizes activity for our consolidated property casualty loss and loss expense reserves:
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended March 31,
20222021
Gross loss and loss expense reserves, beginning of period$7,229 $6,677 
Less reinsurance recoverable327 277 
Net loss and loss expense reserves, beginning of period6,902 6,400 
Net incurred loss and loss expenses related to:  
Current accident year997 1,033 
Prior accident years(41)(110)
Total incurred956 923 
Net paid loss and loss expenses related to:  
Current accident year169 143 
Prior accident years721 562 
Total paid890 705 
Net loss and loss expense reserves, end of period6,968 6,618 
Plus reinsurance recoverable319 262 
Gross loss and loss expense reserves, end of period$7,287 $6,880 
 
We use actuarial methods, models and judgment to estimate, as of a financial statement date, the property casualty loss and loss expense reserves required to pay for and settle all outstanding insured claims, including incurred but not reported (IBNR) claims, as of that date. The actuarial estimate is subject to review and adjustment by an inter-departmental committee that includes actuarial, claims, underwriting, loss prevention and accounting management. This committee is familiar with relevant company and industry business, claims and underwriting trends, as well as general economic and legal trends that could affect future loss and loss expense payments. The amount we will actually have to pay for claims can be highly uncertain. This uncertainty, together with the size of our reserves, makes the loss and loss expense reserves our most significant estimate. The reserve for loss and loss expenses in the condensed consolidated balance sheets also included $79 million at March 31, 2022, and $70 million at March 31, 2021, for certain life and health loss and loss expense reserves.

For the three months ended March 31, 2022, we experienced $41 million of favorable development on prior accident years, including $18 million of favorable development in commercial lines, $34 million of favorable development in personal lines and $5 million of favorable development in excess and surplus lines. Within commercial lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $10 million for the workers' compensation line and $6 million for the commercial auto line due to reduced uncertainty of prior accident year loss and loss adjustment expense for these lines. Within personal lines, we recognized favorable development of $31 million for the homeowner line.

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, we experienced $110 million of favorable development on prior accident years, including $83 million of favorable development in commercial lines, $20 million of favorable development in personal lines and $4 million of unfavorable development in excess and surplus lines. Within commercial lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $25 million for the workers' compensation line, $24 million for the commercial auto line and $21 million for the commercial property line due to reduced uncertainty of prior accident year loss and loss adjustment expense for these lines. Within personal lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $15 million in personal auto.

Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2022 10-Q
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NOTE 5 – Life Policy and Investment Contract Reserves
We establish the reserves for traditional life insurance policies based on expected expenses, mortality, morbidity, withdrawal rates, timing of claim presentation and investment yields, including a provision for uncertainty. Once these assumptions are established, they generally are maintained throughout the lives of the contracts. We use both our own experience and industry experience, adjusted for historical trends, in arriving at our assumptions for expected mortality, morbidity and withdrawal rates as well as for expected expenses. We base our assumptions for expected investment income on our own experience adjusted for current and future economic conditions.
 
We establish reserves for the company's deferred annuity, universal life and structured settlement policies equal to the cumulative account balances, which include premium deposits plus credited interest less charges and withdrawals. Some of our universal life policies contain no-lapse guarantee provisions. For these policies, we establish a reserve in addition to the account balance, based on expected no-lapse guarantee benefits and expected policy assessments.

This table summarizes our life policy and investment contract reserves:
(Dollars in millions)March 31,
2022		December 31,
2021
Life policy reserves:
Ordinary/traditional life$1,395 $1,376 
Other52 52 
Subtotal1,447 1,428 
Investment contract reserves:
Deferred annuities757 762 
Universal life680 679 
Structured settlements135 136 
Other8 9 
Subtotal1,580 1,586 
Total life policy and investment contract reserves$3,027 $3,014 

Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2022 10-Q
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NOTE 6 – Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs
Expenses directly related to successfully acquired insurance policies – primarily commissions, premium taxes and underwriting costs – are deferred and amortized over the terms of the policies. We update our acquisition cost assumptions periodically to reflect actual experience, and we evaluate the costs for recoverability. The table below shows the deferred policy acquisition costs and asset reconciliation.
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended March 31,
20222021
Property casualty:
Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, beginning of period$602 $542 
Capitalized deferred policy acquisition costs364 312 
Amortized deferred policy acquisition costs(301)(268)
Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, end of period$665 $586 
Life:
Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, beginning of period$303 $263 
Capitalized deferred policy acquisition costs15 14 
Amortized deferred policy acquisition costs(10)(9)
Shadow deferred policy acquisition costs6 26 
Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, end of period$314 $294 
Consolidated:
Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, beginning of period$905 $805 
Capitalized deferred policy acquisition costs379 326 
Amortized deferred policy acquisition costs(311)(277)
Shadow deferred policy acquisition costs6 26 
Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, end of period$979 $880 

No premium deficiencies were recorded in the condensed consolidated statements of income, as the sum of the anticipated loss and loss expenses, policyholder dividends and unamortized deferred acquisition expenses did not exceed the related unearned premiums and anticipated investment income.
 
Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2022 10-Q
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NOTE 7 – Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) includes changes in unrealized gains and losses on investments, changes in pension obligations and changes in life deferred acquisition costs, life policy reserves and other as follows:
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended March 31,
20222021
Before taxIncome taxNetBefore taxIncome taxNet
Investments:
AOCI, beginning of period$792 $165 $627 $1,026 $215 $811 
OCI before investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income(743)(157)(586)(193)(41)(152)
Investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income(3)— (3)(3)— (3)
OCI(746)(157)(589)(196)(41)(155)
AOCI, end of period$46 $8 $38 $830 $174 $656 
Pension obligations:
AOCI, beginning of period$27 $7 $20 $(41)$(7)$(34)
OCI excluding amortization recognized in net income— — — 2 1 1 
Amortization recognized in net income— — — 2 — 2 
OCI— — — 4 1 3 
AOCI, end of period$27 $7 $20 $(37)$(6)$(31)
Life deferred acquisition costs, life policy reserves and other:
AOCI, beginning of period$1 $— $1 $(10)$(2)$(8)
OCI before investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income— — — 10 2 8 
Investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income— — — — — — 
OCI— — — 10 2 8 
AOCI, end of period$1 $— $1 $— $— $— 
Summary of AOCI:
AOCI, beginning of period$820 $172 $648 $975 $206 $769 
Investments OCI(746)(157)(589)(196)(41)(155)
Pension obligations OCI— — — 4 1 3 
Life deferred acquisition costs, life policy reserves and other OCI— — — 10 2 8 
Total OCI(746)(157)(589)(182)(38)(144)
AOCI, end of period$74 $15 $59 $793 $168 $625 

Investment gains and losses, net, and life deferred acquisition costs, life policy reserves and other investment gains and losses, net, are recorded in the investment gains and losses, net, line item in the condensed consolidated statements of income. Amortization on pension obligations is recorded in the insurance losses and contract holders' benefits and underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses line items in the condensed consolidated statements of income.

Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2022 10-Q
Page 18

NOTE 8 – Reinsurance
Primary components of our property casualty reinsurance assumed operations include involuntary and voluntary assumed as well as contracts from our reinsurance assumed operations, known as Cincinnati Re. Primary components of our ceded reinsurance include a property per risk treaty, property excess treaty, casualty per occurrence treaty, casualty excess treaty, property catastrophe treaty and catastrophe bonds and retrocessions on our reinsurance assumed operations. Management’s decisions about the appropriate level of risk retention are affected by various factors, including changes in our underwriting practices, capacity to retain risks and reinsurance market conditions.

The table below summarizes our consolidated property casualty insurance net written premiums, earned premiums and incurred loss and loss expenses:
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended March 31,
20222021
Direct written premiums$1,703 $1,545 
Assumed written premiums263 205 
Ceded written premiums(67)(57)
Net written premiums$1,899 $1,693 
Direct earned premiums$1,561 $1,429 
Assumed earned premiums121 101 
Ceded earned premiums(64)(55)
Earned premiums$1,618 $1,475 
Direct incurred loss and loss expenses$895 $868 
Assumed incurred loss and loss expenses73 78 
Ceded incurred loss and loss expenses(12)(23)
Incurred loss and loss expenses$956 $923 

Our life insurance company purchases reinsurance for protection of a portion of the risks that are written. Primary components of our life reinsurance program include individual mortality coverage, aggregate catastrophe and accidental death coverage in excess of certain deductibles.


Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2022 10-Q
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The table below summarizes our consolidated life insurance earned premiums and contract holders' benefits incurred:
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended March 31,
20222021
Direct earned premiums$90 $87 
Ceded earned premiums(18)(18)
Earned premiums$72 $69 
Direct contract holders' benefits incurred114 107 
Ceded contract holders' benefits incurred(31)(27)
Contract holders' benefits incurred$83 $80 
 
The ceded benefits incurred can vary depending on the type of life insurance policy held and the year the policy was issued.

At March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, the allowance for uncollectible property casualty premiums was $14 million. At March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, the allowances for credit losses on other premiums receivable and recoverable assets were immaterial.
Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2022 10-Q
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NOTE 9 – Income Taxes
The differences between the 21% statutory federal income tax rate and our effective income tax rate were as follows:
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended March 31,
20222021
Tax at statutory rate:$(76)21.0 %$161 21.0 %
Increase (decrease) resulting from:    
Tax-exempt income from municipal bonds(5)1.4 (5)(0.7)
Dividend received exclusion(5)1.4 (5)(0.7)
Other(1)0.4 (3)(0.3)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes$(87)24.2 %$148 19.3 %
 
The provision (benefit) for federal income taxes is based upon filing a consolidated income tax return for the company and its domestic subsidiaries.

We continue to believe that after considering all positive and negative evidence of taxable income in the carryback and carryforward periods as permitted by law, it is more likely than not that all of the deferred tax assets on our U.S. domestic operations will be realized. As a result, we have no valuation allowance for our U.S. domestic operations at March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021. As more fully discussed below, we do carry a valuation allowance on the deferred tax assets related to Cincinnati Global Underwriting Ltd.SM (Cincinnati Global).

Unrecognized Tax Benefits
At March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, we had a gross unrecognized tax benefit of $34 million. There were no changes to this amount during the first quarter of 2022. It is reasonably possible that within the next 12 months, our unrecognized tax benefit could change when the IRS completes its examination of the tax year ended December 31, 2018.

Cincinnati Global
As a result of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2022, Cincinnati Global decreased its net deferred tax assets by $3 million with an offsetting decrease of $3 million to the valuation allowance. At March 31, 2022, Cincinnati Global had a net deferred tax asset of $50 million and an offsetting valuation allowance of $50 million.

Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when management believes it is more likely than not that some, or all, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. After considering all positive and negative evidence, we continue to believe it is appropriate to carry a valuation allowance at March 31, 2022.

At March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, Cincinnati Global had operating loss carryforwards in the United States of $6 million and $8 million, respectively, and in the United Kingdom of $130 million for both periods. These Cincinnati Global losses can only be utilized within the Cincinnati Global group in both the United States and in the United Kingdom and cannot offset the income of our domestic operations in the United States.

Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2022 10-Q
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NOTE 10 – Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share
Basic earnings per share are computed based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share are computed based on the weighted average number of common and dilutive potential common shares outstanding using the treasury stock method. The table shows calculations for basic and diluted earnings per share:
(In millions, except per share data)Three months ended March 31,
20222021
Numerator:  
Net income (loss)—basic and diluted
$(273)$620 
Denominator:  
Basic weighted-average common shares outstanding160.4 161.0 
Effect of share-based awards:  
Stock options— 0.9 
Nonvested shares— 0.6 
Diluted weighted-average shares 160.4 162.5 
Earnings (loss) per share:  
Basic$(1.70)$3.85 
Diluted$(1.70)$3.82 
Number of anti-dilutive share-based awards2.3 1.0 

In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 260, Earnings per Share, the assumed exercise of share-based awards were excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share for the three months ended March 31, 2022. See our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 17, Share-Based Associate Compensation Plans, Page 169, for information about share-based awards. The above table shows the number of anti-dilutive share-based awards for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021. These share-based awards were not included in the computation of net income (loss) per common share (diluted) because their exercise would have anti-dilutive effects.

NOTE 11 – Employee Retirement Benefits
The following summarizes the components of net periodic (benefit) cost for our qualified and supplemental pension plans:
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended March 31,
20222021
Service cost$2 $2 
Non-service (benefit) costs:
Interest cost3 2 
Expected return on plan assets(6)(5)
Amortization of actuarial loss and prior service cost — 2 
Other— 2 
 Total non-service (benefit) cost (3)1 
Net periodic (benefit) cost$(1)$3 

See our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 13, Employee Retirement Benefits, Page 162, for information on our retirement benefits. Service costs and non-service costs (benefit) are allocated in the same proportion primarily to the underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses line item with the remainder allocated to the insurance losses and contract holders' benefits line item on the condensed consolidated statements of income for both 2022 and 2021.

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We made matching contributions totaling $8 million and $6 million to our 401(k) and Top Hat savings plans during the first quarter of 2022 and 2021, respectively.

We made no contributions to our qualified pension plan during the first three months of 2022.

NOTE 12 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities
The company, through its insurance subsidiaries, is involved in claims litigation arising in the ordinary course of conducting its business, both as a liability insurer defending or providing indemnity for third-party claims brought against insureds and as an insurer defending coverage claims brought against it. The company accounts for such activity through the establishment of unpaid loss and loss expense reserves. Subject to the uncertainties discussed in Note 4, Property Casualty Loss and Loss Expenses, and in the discussion in the balance of this Note, we believe that the ultimate liability, if any, with respect to such ordinary-course claims litigation, after consideration of provisions made for potential losses, costs of defense, and reinsurance recoveries, is immaterial to our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Beginning in April 2020, like many companies in the property casualty insurance industry, the company’s property casualty subsidiaries, were named as defendants in lawsuits seeking insurance coverage under commercial property insurance policies issued by the company for alleged losses resulting from the shutdown or suspension of their businesses due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the allegations vary, the plaintiffs generally seek a declaration of insurance coverage, damages for breach of contract in unspecified amounts for claim denials, interest and attorney fees. Some of the lawsuits also allege that the insurance claims were denied in bad faith or otherwise in violation of state laws and seek extra-contractual or punitive damages.

The company denies the allegations in these lawsuits and intends to continue to vigorously defend the lawsuits. The company maintains that it has no coverage obligations with respect to these lawsuits for business income allegedly lost by the plaintiffs due to the COVID-19 pandemic based on the terms of the applicable insurance policies. Although the policy terms vary, in general, the claims at issue in these lawsuits were denied because the policyholder identified no direct physical loss or damage to property at the insured premises, and the governmental orders that led to the complete or partial shutdown of the business were not due to the existence of any direct physical loss or damage to property in the immediate vicinity of the insured premises and did not prohibit access to the insured premises, as required by the terms of the insurance policies. Depending on the individual policy, additional policy terms and conditions may also prohibit coverage, such as exclusions for pollutants, ordinance or law, loss of use, and acts or decisions. The company’s standard commercial property insurance policies generally did not contain a specific virus exclusion.

In addition to the inherent difficulty in predicting litigation outcomes, the COVID-19 pandemic business income coverage lawsuits present a number of uncertainties and contingencies that are not yet known, including how many policyholders will ultimately file claims, the number of lawsuits that will be filed, the extent to which any class may be certified, and the size and scope of any such classes. The legal theories advanced by plaintiffs vary by case as do the state laws that govern the policy interpretation. These lawsuits are at various stages of litigation; many complaints continue to be amended; several have been dismissed voluntarily and may be refiled; and others have been dismissed by trial courts and appealed. While early appellate decisions have been favorable, many remain to be decided. In some jurisdictions, many cases have been stayed pending appellate decisions in their state or federal circuit. Accordingly, little discovery has occurred on pending cases. In addition, business income calculations depend upon a wide range of factors that are particular to the circumstances of each individual policyholder and, here, virtually none of the plaintiffs have submitted proofs of loss or otherwise quantified or factually supported any allegedly covered loss. Moreover, the company’s experience shows that demands for damages often bear little relation to a reasonable estimate of potential loss. Accordingly, management cannot now reasonably estimate the possible loss or range of loss, if any. Nonetheless, given the number of claims and potential claims, the indeterminate amounts sought, and the inherent unpredictability of litigation, it is possible that adverse outcomes, if any, in the aggregate could have a material adverse effect on the company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

The company and its subsidiaries also are occasionally involved in other legal and regulatory proceedings, some of which assert claims for substantial amounts. These actions include, among others, putative class actions seeking certification of a national class. Such proceedings have alleged, for example, breach of an alleged duty to search national databases to ascertain unreported deaths of insureds under life insurance policies. The company’s insurance subsidiaries also are occasionally parties to individual actions in which extra-contractual damages,
Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2022 10-Q
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punitive damages or penalties are sought, such as claims alleging bad faith handling of insurance claims or writing unauthorized coverage or claims alleging discrimination by former or current associates.

On a quarterly basis, we review these outstanding matters. Under current accounting guidance, we establish accruals when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and we can reasonably estimate its potential exposure. The company accounts for such probable and estimable losses, if any, through the establishment of legal expense reserves. Based on our quarterly review, we believe that our accruals for probable and estimable losses are reasonable and that the amounts accrued do not have a material effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows. However, if any one or more of these matters results in a judgment against us or settlement for an amount that is significantly greater than the amount accrued, the resulting liability could have a material effect on the company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows. Based on our most recent review, our estimate for any other matters for which the risk of loss is not probable, but more than remote, is immaterial.

NOTE 13 – Segment Information
We operate primarily in two industries, property casualty insurance and life insurance. Our chief operating decision maker regularly reviews our reporting segments to make decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance. Our reporting segments are:
•Commercial lines insurance
•Personal lines insurance
•Excess and surplus lines insurance
•Life insurance
•Investments

We report as Other the noninvestment operations of the parent company and its noninsurer subsidiary, CFC Investment Company. We also report as Other the underwriting results of Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global. See our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 18, Segment Information, Page 172, for a description of revenue, income or loss before income taxes and identifiable assets for each of the five segments.

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Segment information is summarized in the following table: 
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended March 31,
20222021
Revenues:  
Commercial lines insurance  
Commercial casualty$336 $303 
Commercial property274 253 
Commercial auto205 193 
Workers' compensation67 67 
Other commercial 80 70 
Commercial lines insurance premiums962 886 
Fee revenues1 1 
Total commercial lines insurance963 887 
Personal lines insurance  
Personal auto152 152 
Homeowner195 174 
Other personal55 50 
Personal lines insurance premiums402 376 
Fee revenues1 1 
Total personal lines insurance403 377 
Excess and surplus lines insurance112 89 
Fee revenues1 — 
Total excess and surplus lines insurance113 89 
Life insurance premiums72 69 
Fee revenues1 1 
Total life insurance73 70 
Investments
    Investment income, net of expenses185 174 
    Investment gains and losses, net(666)504 
Total investment revenue(481)678 
Other
Premiums142 124 
Other2 2 
Total other revenues144 126 
Total revenues$1,215 $2,227 
Income (loss) before income taxes:  
Insurance underwriting results  
Commercial lines insurance$76 $130 
Personal lines insurance65 (3)
Excess and surplus lines insurance16 8 
Life insurance(2)(2)
Investments(508)652 
Other(7)(17)
Total income (loss) before income taxes$(360)$768 
Identifiable assets:March 31,
2022		December 31,
2021
Property casualty insurance$4,607 $4,421 
Life insurance1,577 1,590 
Investments23,201 24,481 
Other865 895 
Total$30,250 $31,387 
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Item 2.    Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and
        Results of Operations
The following discussion highlights significant factors influencing the condensed consolidated results of operations and financial position of Cincinnati Financial Corporation. It should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Unless otherwise noted, the industry data is prepared by A.M. Best Co., a leading insurance industry statistical, analytical and financial strength rating organization. Information from A.M. Best is presented on a statutory basis for insurance company regulation in the United States of America. When we provide our results on a comparable statutory basis, we label it as such; all other company data is presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP).
 
We present per share data on a diluted basis unless otherwise noted, adjusting those amounts for all stock splits and dividends. Dollar amounts are rounded to millions; calculations of percent changes are based on dollar amounts rounded to the nearest million. Certain percentage changes are identified as not meaningful (nm).
 
SAFE HARBOR STATEMENT
This is our “Safe Harbor” statement under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Our business is subject to certain risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from those suggested by the forward-looking statements in this report. Some of those risks and uncertainties are discussed in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1A, Risk Factors, Page 32.
Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to:
•Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic that could affect results for reasons such as:
◦Securities market disruption or volatility and related effects such as decreased economic activity and continued supply chain disruptions that affect our investment portfolio and book value
◦An unusually high level of claims in our insurance or reinsurance operations that increase litigation-related expenses
◦An unusually high level of insurance losses, including risk of legislation or court decisions extending business interruption insurance in commercial property coverage forms to cover claims for pure economic loss related to the COVID-19 pandemic
◦Decreased premium revenue and cash flow from disruption to our distribution channel of independent agents, consumer self-isolation, travel limitations, business restrictions and decreased economic activity
◦Inability of our workforce, agencies or vendors to perform necessary business functions
•Ongoing developments concerning business interruption insurance claims and litigation related to the COVID-19 pandemic that affect our estimates of losses and loss adjustment expenses or our ability to reasonably estimate such losses, such as:
◦The continuing duration of the pandemic and governmental actions to limit the spread of the virus that may produce additional economic losses
◦The number of policyholders that will ultimately submit claims or file lawsuits
◦The lack of submitted proofs of loss for allegedly covered claims
◦Judicial rulings in similar litigation involving other companies in the insurance industry
◦Differences in state laws and developing case law
◦Litigation trends, including varying legal theories advanced by policyholders
◦Whether and to what degree any class of policyholders may be certified
◦The inherent unpredictability of litigation
•Unusually high levels of catastrophe losses due to risk concentrations, changes in weather patterns (whether as a result of global climate change or otherwise), environmental events, terrorism incidents, cyberattacks, civil unrest or other causes
•Increased frequency and/or severity of claims or development of claims that are unforeseen at the time of policy issuance, due to inflationary trends or other causes
•Inadequate estimates or assumptions, or reliance on third-party data used for critical accounting estimates
•Declines in overall stock market values negatively affecting our equity portfolio and book value
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•Prolonged low interest rate environment or other factors that limit our ability to generate growth in investment income or interest rate fluctuations that result in declining values of fixed-maturity investments, including declines in accounts in which we hold bank-owned life insurance contract assets
•Domestic and global events, such as Russia's invasion of Ukraine, resulting in capital market or credit market uncertainty, followed by prolonged periods of economic instability or recession, that lead to:
◦Significant or prolonged decline in the fair value of a particular security or group of securities and impairment of the asset(s)
◦Significant decline in investment income due to reduced or eliminated dividend payouts from a particular security or group of securities
◦Significant rise in losses from surety or director and officer policies written for financial institutions or other insured entities
•Our inability to manage Cincinnati Global or other subsidiaries to produce related business opportunities and growth prospects for our ongoing operations
•Recession, prolonged elevated inflation or other economic conditions resulting in lower demand for insurance products or increased payment delinquencies
•Ineffective information technology systems or discontinuing to develop and implement improvements in technology may impact our success and profitability
•Difficulties with technology or data security breaches, including cyberattacks, that could negatively affect our or our agents' ability to conduct business; disrupt our relationships with agents, policyholders and others; cause reputational damage, mitigation expenses and data loss and expose us to liability under federal and state laws
•Difficulties with our operations and technology that may negatively impact our ability to conduct business, including cloud-based data information storage, data security, cyberattacks, remote working capabilities, and/or outsourcing relationships and third-party operations and data security
•Disruption of the insurance market caused by technology innovations such as driverless cars that could decrease consumer demand for insurance products
•Delays, inadequate data developed internally or from third parties, or performance inadequacies from ongoing development and implementation of underwriting and pricing methods, including telematics and other usage-based insurance methods, or technology projects and enhancements expected to increase our pricing accuracy, underwriting profit and competitiveness
•Intense competition, and the impact of innovation, technological change and changing customer preferences on the insurance industry and the markets in which we operate, could harm our ability to maintain or increase our ability to maintain or increase our business volumes and profitability
•Changing consumer insurance-buying habits and consolidation of independent insurance agencies could alter our competitive advantages
•Inability to obtain adequate ceded reinsurance on acceptable terms, amount of reinsurance coverage purchased, financial strength of reinsurers and the potential for nonpayment or delay in payment by reinsurers
•Inability to defer policy acquisition costs for any business segment if pricing and loss trends would lead management to conclude that segment could not achieve sustainable profitability
•Inability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends consistent with current or past levels
•Events or conditions that could weaken or harm our relationships with our independent agencies and hamper opportunities to add new agencies, resulting in limitations on our opportunities for growth, such as:
◦Downgrades of our financial strength ratings
◦Concerns that doing business with us is too difficult
◦Perceptions that our level of service, particularly claims service, is no longer a distinguishing characteristic in the marketplace
◦Inability or unwillingness to nimbly develop and introduce coverage product updates and innovations that our competitors offer and consumers expect to find in the marketplace
•Actions of insurance departments, state attorneys general or other regulatory agencies, including a change to a federal system of regulation from a state-based system, that:
◦Impose new obligations on us that increase our expenses or change the assumptions underlying our critical accounting estimates
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◦Place the insurance industry under greater regulatory scrutiny or result in new statutes, rules and regulations
◦Restrict our ability to exit or reduce writings of unprofitable coverages or lines of business
◦Add assessments for guaranty funds, other insurance‑related assessments or mandatory reinsurance arrangements; or that impair our ability to recover such assessments through future surcharges or other rate changes
◦Increase our provision for federal income taxes due to changes in tax law
◦Increase our other expenses
◦Limit our ability to set fair, adequate and reasonable rates
◦Place us at a disadvantage in the marketplace
◦Restrict our ability to execute our business model, including the way we compensate agents
•Adverse outcomes from litigation or administrative proceedings, including effects of social inflation on the size of litigation awards
•Events or actions, including unauthorized intentional circumvention of controls, that reduce our future ability to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
•Unforeseen departure of certain executive officers or other key employees due to retirement, health or other causes that could interrupt progress toward important strategic goals or diminish the effectiveness of certain longstanding relationships with insurance agents and others
•Our inability, or the inability of our independent agents, to attract and retain personnel in a competitve labor market, impacting the customer experience and altering our competitive advantages
•Events, such as an epidemic, natural catastrophe or terrorism, that could hamper our ability to assemble our workforce at our headquarters location or work effectively in a remote environment
Further, our insurance businesses are subject to the effects of changing social, global, economic and regulatory environments. Public and regulatory initiatives have included efforts to adversely influence and restrict premium rates, restrict the ability to cancel policies, impose underwriting standards and expand overall regulation. We also are subject to public and regulatory initiatives that can affect the market value for our common stock, such as measures affecting corporate financial reporting and governance. The ultimate changes and eventual effects, if any, of these initiatives are uncertain.

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CORPORATE FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS
Net Income and Comprehensive Income Data
(Dollars in millions, except per share data)Three months ended March 31,
20222021% Change
Earned premiums$1,690 $1,544 9 
Investment income, net of expenses (pretax)185 174 6 
Investment gains and losses, net (pretax)(666)504 nm
Total revenues1,215 2,227 (45)
Net income (loss)(273)620 nm
Comprehensive income (loss)(862)476 nm
Net income (loss) per share—diluted(1.70)3.82 nm
Cash dividends declared per share0.69 0.63 10 
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding160.4 162.5 (1)

Total revenues decreased 45% for the first quarter of 2022, compared with the first quarter of 2021, as a reduction in net investment gains offset increases in earned premiums and investment income. Premium and investment revenue trends are discussed further in the respective sections of Financial Results.

Investment gains and losses are recognized on the sales of investments, on certain changes in fair values of securities even though we continue to hold the securities or as otherwise required by GAAP. We have substantial discretion in the timing of investment sales, and that timing generally is independent of the insurance underwriting process. The change in fair value of securities is also generally independent of the insurance underwriting process.

The net loss for the first quarter of 2022, compared with first-quarter 2021 net income, was a change of $893 million, including a decrease of $924 million in after-tax net investment gains that offset increases of $25 million in after-tax property casualty underwriting income and $9 million in after-tax investment income. Catastrophe losses for the first quarter of 2022, mostly weather related, were $98 million lower after taxes and favorably affected both net income and property casualty underwriting income. Life insurance segment results on a pretax basis matched first-quarter 2021.

During the first three months of 2022, SARS-CoV-2, also known as COVID-19 and recognized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization, continued to cause various effects in parts of the world. We believe it did not have a significant effect on our premium revenues during the first three months of 2022 and there were no material changes to our estimates for incurred losses and expenses related to the pandemic.

Performance by segment is discussed below in Financial Results. As discussed in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Executive Summary, Page 47, there are several reasons why our performance during 2022 may be below our long-term targets.
 
The board of directors is committed to rewarding shareholders directly through cash dividends and through share repurchase authorizations. Through 2021, the company had increased the annual cash dividend rate for 61 consecutive years, a record we believe is matched by only seven other U.S. publicly traded companies. In January 2022, the board of directors increased the regular quarterly dividend to 69 cents per share, setting the stage for our 62nd consecutive year of increasing cash dividends. During the first three months of 2022, cash dividends declared by the company increased 10% compared with the same period of 2021. Our board regularly evaluates relevant factors in decisions related to dividends and share repurchases. The 2022 dividend increase reflected our strong operating performance and signaled management's and the board's positive outlook and confidence in our outstanding capital, liquidity and financial flexibility.

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Balance Sheet Data and Performance Measures
(Dollars in millions, except share data)At March 31,At December 31,
20222021
Total investments$23,399 $24,666 
Total assets30,250 31,387 
Short-term debt49 54 
Long-term debt789 789 
Shareholders' equity12,092 13,105 
Book value per share75.43 81.72 
Debt-to-total-capital ratio6.5 %6.0 %
Total assets at March 31, 2022, decreased 4% compared with year-end 2021, and included a 5% decrease in total investments that reflected net purchases that were offset by lower fair values for many securities in our portfolio. Shareholders' equity decreased 8% and book value per share also decreased 8% during the first three months of 2022. Our debt-to-total-capital ratio (capital is the sum of debt plus shareholders' equity) increased compared with year-end 2021.

Our value creation ratio is our primary performance metric. That ratio was negative 6.9% for the first three months of 2022, and was less than the same period in 2021 due to a reduction in overall net gains from our investment portfolio. The $6.29 decrease in book value per share during the first three months of 2022 contributed negative 7.7 percentage points to the value creation ratio, while dividends declared at $0.69 per share contributed positive 0.8 points. Value creation ratios by major components and in total, along with calculations from per-share amounts, are shown in the tables below.
 Three months ended March 31,
20222021
Value creation ratio major components:  
Net income before investment gains1.9 %2.1 %
Change in fixed-maturity securities, realized and unrealized gains(4.5)(1.4)
Change in equity securities, investment gains(4.1)3.6 
Other(0.2)(0.2)
     Value creation ratio(6.9)%4.1 %
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(Dollars are per share)Three months ended March 31,
20222021
Value creation ratio:  
End of period book value*$75.43 $69.16 
Less beginning of period book value 81.72 67.04 
Change in book value(6.29)2.12 
Dividend declared to shareholders0.69 0.63 
Total value creation $(5.60)$2.75 
Value creation ratio from change in book value**(7.7)%3.2 %
Value creation ratio from dividends declared to shareholders***0.8 0.9 
Value creation ratio(6.9)%4.1 %
    * Book value per share is calculated by dividing end of period total shareholders' equity by end of period shares outstanding
  ** Change in book value divided by the beginning of period book value
*** Dividend declared to shareholders divided by beginning of period book value

DRIVERS OF LONG-TERM VALUE CREATION
Operating through The Cincinnati Insurance Company, Cincinnati Financial Corporation is one of the 25 largest property casualty insurers in the nation, based on 2021 net written premiums for approximately 2,000 U.S. stock and mutual insurer groups. We market our insurance products through a select group of independent insurance agencies as discussed in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1, Our Business and Our Strategy, Page 6. At March 31, 2022, we actively marketed through 1,946 agencies located in 46 states. We maintain a long-term perspective that guides us in addressing immediate challenges or opportunities while focusing on the major decisions that best position our company for success through all market cycles.

To measure our long-term progress in creating shareholder value, our value creation ratio is our primary financial performance target. As discussed in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Executive Summary, Page 47, management believes this measure is a meaningful indicator of our long-term progress in creating shareholder value and has three primary performance drivers:

•Premium growth – We believe our agency relationships and initiatives can lead to a property casualty written premium growth rate over any five-year period that exceeds the industry average. For the first three months of 2022, our consolidated property casualty net written premium year-over-year growth was 12%. As of February 2022, A.M. Best projected the industry's full-year 2022 written premium growth at approximately 6%. For the five-year period 2017 through 2021, our growth rate exceeded that of the industry. The industry's growth rate excludes its mortgage and financial guaranty lines of business.
•Combined ratio – We believe our underwriting philosophy and initiatives can generate a GAAP combined ratio over any five-year period that is consistently within the range of 95% to 100%. For the first three months of 2022, our GAAP combined ratio was 89.9%, including 3.1 percentage points of current accident year catastrophe losses partially offset by 2.5 percentage points of favorable loss reserve development on prior accident years. Our statutory combined ratio was 88.0% for the first three months of 2022. As of February 2022, A.M. Best projected the industry's full-year 2022 statutory combined ratio at approximately 101%, including approximately 7 percentage points of catastrophe losses and less than 1 percentage point of loss reserve development on prior accident years. The industry's ratio again excludes its mortgage and financial guaranty lines of business.
•Investment contribution – We believe our investment philosophy and initiatives can drive investment income growth and lead to a total return on our equity investment portfolio over a five-year period that exceeds the five-year return of the Standard & Poor's 500 Index. For the first three months of 2022, pretax investment income was $185 million, up 6% compared with the same period in 2021. We believe our investment portfolio mix provides an appropriate balance of income stability and growth with capital appreciation potential.

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Financial Strength
An important part of our long-term strategy is financial strength, which is described in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1, Our Business and Our Strategy, Financial Strength, Page 8. One aspect of our financial strength is prudent use of reinsurance ceded to help manage financial performance variability due to catastrophe loss experience. A description of how we use reinsurance ceded is included in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Liquidity and Capital Resources, 2022 Reinsurance Ceded Programs, Page 104. Another aspect of our financial strength is our investment portfolio, which remains well-diversified as discussed in this quarterly report in Item 3, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. Our strong parent-company liquidity and financial strength increase our flexibility to maintain a cash dividend through all periods and to continue to invest in and expand our insurance operations.

At March 31, 2022, we held $4.777 billion of our cash and cash equivalents and invested assets at the parent-company level, of which $4.509 billion, or 94.4%, was invested in common stocks, and $137 million, or 2.9%, was cash or cash equivalents. Our debt-to-total-capital ratio was 6.5% at March 31, 2022. Another important indicator of financial strength is our ratio of property casualty net written premiums to statutory surplus, which was 1.0-to-1 for the 12 months ended March 31, 2022, compared with 0.9-to-1 at year-end 2021.

Financial strength ratings assigned to us by independent rating firms also are important. In addition to rating our parent company's senior debt, four firms award insurer financial strength ratings to one or more of our insurance subsidiary companies based on their quantitative and qualitative analyses. These ratings primarily assess an insurer's ability to meet financial obligations to policyholders and do not necessarily address all of the matters that may be important to investors. Ratings are under continuous review and subject to change or withdrawal at any time by the rating agency. Each rating should be evaluated independently of any other rating; please see each rating agency's website for its most recent report on our ratings.

At April 27, 2022, our insurance subsidiaries continued to be highly rated.
Insurer Financial Strength Ratings
Rating
agency		Standard market property casualty insurance subsidiariesLife insurance
 subsidiary		Excess and surplus lines insurance subsidiaryOutlook
  Rating
tier		 Rating
tier		 Rating
tier		 
A.M. Best Co.
 ambest.com
A+Superior2 of 16A+Superior2 of 16A+Superior2 of 16Stable
Fitch Ratings
 fitchratings.com
A+Strong5 of 21A+Strong5 of 21---Stable
Moody's Investors  Service
 moodys.com
A1Good5 of 21------Stable
S&P Global  Ratings
 spratings.com
A+Strong5 of 21A+Strong5 of 21---Stable
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CONSOLIDATED PROPERTY CASUALTY INSURANCE HIGHLIGHTS
Consolidated property casualty insurance results include premiums and expenses for our standard market insurance segments (commercial lines and personal lines), our excess and surplus lines segment, Cincinnati Re® and our London-based global specialty underwriter Cincinnati Global Underwriting Ltd.SM (Cincinnati Global).
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended March 31,
20222021% Change
Earned premiums$1,618$1,47510 
Fee revenues3250 
Total revenues1,6211,47710 
Loss and loss expenses from:   
Current accident year before catastrophe losses94785011 
Current accident year catastrophe losses50183(73)
Prior accident years before catastrophe losses(20)(80)75 
Prior accident years catastrophe losses(21)(30)30 
Loss and loss expenses9569234 
Underwriting expenses50042119 
Underwriting profit$165$13324 
Ratios as a percent of earned premiums:  Pt. Change
    Current accident year before catastrophe losses58.5 %57.6 %0.9 
    Current accident year catastrophe losses3.1 12.4 (9.3)
    Prior accident years before catastrophe losses(1.2)(5.4)4.2 
    Prior accident years catastrophe losses(1.3)(2.0)0.7 
Loss and loss expenses59.1 62.6 (3.5)
Underwriting expenses30.8 28.6 2.2 
Combined ratio89.9 %91.2 %(1.3)
Combined ratio89.9 %91.2 %(1.3)
Contribution from catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development0.6 5.0 (4.4)
Combined ratio before catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development89.3 %86.2 %3.1 
 
Our consolidated property casualty insurance operations generated an underwriting profit of $165 million for the first three months of 2022. The improvement of $32 million, compared with the same period of 2021, included a favorable decrease of $124 million in losses from catastrophes, mostly caused by severe weather. We believe future property casualty underwriting results will continue to benefit from price increases and our ongoing initiatives to improve pricing precision and loss experience related to claims and loss control practices.
For all property casualty lines of business in aggregate, net loss and loss expense reserves at March 31, 2022, were $66 million, or 1%, higher than at year-end 2021, including an increase of $69 million for the incurred but not reported (IBNR) portion.

We measure and analyze property casualty underwriting results primarily by the combined ratio and its component ratios. The GAAP-basis combined ratio is the percentage of incurred losses plus all expenses per each earned premium dollar – the lower the ratio, the better the performance. An underwriting profit results when the combined ratio is below 100%. A combined ratio above 100% indicates that an insurance company's losses and expenses exceeded premiums.

Our consolidated property casualty combined ratio for the first quarter of 2022 improved by 1.3 percentage points, compared with the same period of 2021, including a decrease of 8.6 points from lower catastrophe losses and loss expenses. Other combined ratio components that increased are discussed below and in further detail in Financial Results by property casualty insurance segment.
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The combined ratio can be affected significantly by natural catastrophe losses and other large losses as discussed in detail below. The combined ratio can also be affected by updated estimates of loss and loss expense reserves established for claims that occurred in prior periods, referred to as prior accident years. Net favorable development on prior accident year reserves, including reserves for catastrophe losses, benefited the combined ratio by 2.5 percentage points in the first three months of 2022, compared with 7.4 percentage points in the same period of 2021. Net favorable development is discussed in further detail in Financial Results by property casualty insurance segment.
 
The ratio for current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses increased in the first three months of 2022. That 58.5% ratio was 0.9 percentage points higher, compared with the 57.6% accident year 2021 ratio measured as of March 31, 2021, including an increase of 4.0 points in the ratio for large losses of $1 million or more per claim, discussed below.
 
The underwriting expense ratio increased for the first quarter of 2022, compared with the same period a year ago, primarily due to an increase in profit-sharing commissions for agencies and related expenses. The ratio also included ongoing expense management efforts and higher earned premiums.

Consolidated Property Casualty Insurance Premiums
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended March 31,
20222021% Change
Agency renewal written premiums$1,397 $1,276 9 
Agency new business written premiums244 220 11 
Other written premiums258 197 31 
Net written premiums1,899 1,693 12 
Unearned premium change(281)(218)(29)
Earned premiums$1,618 $1,475 10 
 
The trends in net written premiums and earned premiums summarized in the table above include the effects of price increases. Price change trends that heavily influence renewal written premium increases or decreases, along with other premium growth drivers for 2022, are discussed in more detail by segment below in Financial Results.
 
Consolidated property casualty net written premiums for the three months ended March 31, 2022, grew $206 million compared with the same period of 2021. Our premium growth initiatives from prior years have provided an ongoing favorable effect on growth during the current year, particularly as newer agency relationships mature over time.

Consolidated property casualty agency new business written premiums increased by $24 million for the first quarter of 2022, compared with the same period of 2021. New agency appointments during 2022 and 2021 produced a $13 million increase in standard lines new business for the first three months of 2022 compared with the same period of 2021. As we appoint new agencies that choose to move accounts to us, we report these accounts as new business. While this business is new to us, in many cases it is not new to the agent. We believe these seasoned accounts tend to be priced more accurately than business that may be less familiar to our agent upon obtaining it from a competing agent.

Net written premiums for Cincinnati Re, included in other written premiums, increased by $58 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared with the same period of 2021, to $254 million. Cincinnati Re assumes risks through reinsurance treaties and in some cases cedes part of the risk and related premiums to one or more unaffiliated reinsurance companies through transactions known as retrocessions.
 
Cincinnati Global is also included in other written premiums. Net written premiums increased, by $10 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared with the same period of 2021, to $51 million.
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Other written premiums also include premiums ceded to reinsurers as part of our reinsurance ceded program. An increase in ceded premiums decreased net written premiums by $7 million for the first three months of 2022, compared with the same period of 2021.

Catastrophe losses and loss expenses typically have a material effect on property casualty results and can vary significantly from period to period. Losses from catastrophes contributed 1.8 percentage points to the combined ratio in the first three months of 2022, compared with 10.4 percentage points in the same period of 2021.

The reinsurance program for Cincinnati Re which went into effect on June 1, 2021, provided no additional recoveries during the first three months of 2022. As of March 31, 2022, it provided an estimated recovery of $14 million from Hurricane Ida, with a net incurred loss of $80 million for Cincinnati Re, excluding the benefit of reinstatement premiums estimated at approximately $11 million. Before any recoveries, the program included property catastrophe excess of loss coverage with an annual total available aggregate limit of $48 million in excess of $80 million per loss.

The following table shows consolidated property casualty insurance catastrophe losses and loss expenses incurred, net of reinsurance, as well as the effect of loss development on prior period catastrophe events. We individually list declared catastrophe events for which our incurred losses reached or exceeded $10 million.

Consolidated Property Casualty Insurance Catastrophe Losses and Loss Expenses Incurred
(Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance)Three months ended March 31,
  Comm.Pers.E&S 
DatesRegionlineslineslinesOtherTotal
2022 
Jan. 15-17Northeast, South$4 $6 $1 $— $11 
All other 2022 catastrophes12 22 — 5 39 
Development on 2021 and prior catastrophes(3)(21)— 3 (21)
Calendar year incurred total$13 $7 $1 $8 $29 
2021 
Feb. 12-15South, West$10 $6 $— $49 $65 
Feb. 16-20Midwest, Northeast, South22 37 1 1 61 
Mar. 24-26Midwest, Northeast, South8 19 — — 27 
Mar. 27-29Midwest, Northeast, South4 8 — — 12 
All other 2021 catastrophes10 8 — — 18 
Development on 2020 and prior catastrophes(17)(3)— (10)(30)
Calendar year incurred total$37 $75 $1 $40 $153 
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The following table includes data for losses incurred of $1 million or more per claim, net of reinsurance.
 
Consolidated Property Casualty Insurance Losses Incurred by Size
(Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance)Three months ended March 31,
20222021% Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million$23 $5 360 
Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million82 31 165 
Large loss prior accident year reserve development25 24 4 
Total large losses incurred130 60 117 
Losses incurred but not reported36 102 (65)
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses592 451 31 
Catastrophe losses24 150 (84)
Total losses incurred$782 $763 2 
Ratios as a percent of earned premiums:  Pt. Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million1.4 %0.3 %1.1 
Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million5.1 2.2 2.9 
Large loss prior accident year reserve development1.5 1.6 (0.1)
Total large loss ratio8.0 4.1 3.9 
Losses incurred but not reported2.2 6.9 (4.7)
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses36.6 30.5 6.1 
Catastrophe losses1.5 10.2 (8.7)
Total loss ratio48.3 %51.7 %(3.4)
 
We believe the inherent variability of aggregate loss experience for our portfolio of larger policies is greater than that of our portfolio of smaller policies, and we continue to monitor the variability in addition to general inflationary trends in loss costs. Our analysis continues to indicate no unexpected concentration of large losses and case reserve increases by risk category, geographic region, policy inception, agency or field marketing territory. The first-quarter 2022 property casualty total large losses incurred of $130 million, net of reinsurance, were higher than the $116 million quarterly average during full-year 2021 and the $60 million experienced for the first quarter of 2021. The ratio for these large losses was 3.9 percentage points higher compared with last year's first quarter. We believe results for the three-month period largely reflected normal fluctuations in loss patterns and normal variability in large case reserves for claims above $1 million. Losses by size are discussed in further detail in results of operations by property casualty insurance segment.
FINANCIAL RESULTS
Consolidated results reflect the operating results of each of our five segments along with the parent company, Cincinnati Re, Cincinnati Global and other activities reported as "Other." The five segments are:
•Commercial lines insurance
•Personal lines insurance
•Excess and surplus lines insurance
•Life insurance
•Investments

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COMMERCIAL LINES INSURANCE RESULTS
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended March 31,
20222021% Change
Earned premiums$962 $886 9 
Fee revenues1 1 0 
Total revenues963 887 9 
Loss and loss expenses from:   
Current accident year before catastrophe losses588 532 11 
Current accident year catastrophe losses16 54 (70)
Prior accident years before catastrophe losses(15)(66)77 
Prior accident years catastrophe losses(3)(17)82 
Loss and loss expenses586 503 17 
Underwriting expenses301 254 19 
Underwriting profit$76 $130 (42)
Ratios as a percent of earned premiums:  Pt. Change
Current accident year before catastrophe losses61.2 %60.0 %1.2 
Current accident year catastrophe losses1.7 6.1 (4.4)
Prior accident years before catastrophe losses(1.6)(7.5)5.9 
Prior accident years catastrophe losses(0.3)(1.9)1.6 
Loss and loss expenses61.0 56.7 4.3 
Underwriting expenses31.3 28.7 2.6 
Combined ratio92.3 %85.4 %6.9 
Combined ratio92.3 %85.4 %6.9 
Contribution from catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development(0.2)(3.3)3.1 
Combined ratio before catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development92.5 %88.7 %3.8 
 
Overview
Performance highlights for the commercial lines segment include:
•Premiums – Earned premiums and net written premiums for the commercial lines segment grew during the first three months of 2022, compared with the same period a year ago, primarily due to renewal written premium growth that continued to include higher average pricing. The table below analyzes the primary components of premiums. We continue to use predictive analytics tools to improve pricing precision and segmentation while leveraging our local relationships with agents through the efforts of our teams that work closely with them. We seek to maintain appropriate pricing discipline for both new and renewal business as our agents and underwriters assess account quality to make careful decisions on a policy-by-policy basis whether to write or renew a policy.
Agency renewal written premiums increased by 8% for the first quarter of 2022, compared with the same period of 2021. During the first quarter of 2022, our overall standard commercial lines policies averaged estimated renewal price increases at percentages in the mid-single-digit range. We continue to segment commercial lines policies, emphasizing identification and retention of those we believe have relatively stronger pricing. Conversely, we have been seeking stricter renewal terms and conditions on policies we believe have relatively weaker pricing, thus retaining fewer of those policies. We measure average changes in commercial lines renewal pricing as the percentage rate of change in renewal premium for the new policy period compared with the premium for the expiring policy period, assuming no change in the level of insured exposures or policy coverage between those periods for the respective policies.
Our average overall commercial lines renewal pricing change includes the impact of flat pricing for certain coverages within package policies written for a three-year term that were in force but did not expire during
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the period being measured. Therefore, our reported change in average commercial lines renewal pricing reflects a blend of three-year policies that did not expire and other policies that did expire during the measurement period. For commercial lines policies that did expire and were then renewed during the first quarter of 2022, we estimate that our average percentage price increases were as follows: commercial property in the mid-single-digit range, commercial auto in the mid-single-digit range and commercial casualty in the mid-single-digit range. The estimated average percentage price change for workers' compensation was a decrease near the high end of the low-single-digit range.
Renewal premiums for certain policies, primarily our commercial casualty and workers' compensation lines of business, include the results of policy audits that adjust initial premium amounts based on differences between estimated and actual sales or payroll related to a specific policy. Audits completed during the first three months of 2022 contributed $21 million to net written premiums, compared with $11 million for the same period of 2021.
New business written premiums for commercial lines increased $11 million during the first three months of 2022, compared with the same period of 2021. Trend analysis for year-over-year comparisons of individual quarters is more difficult to assess for commercial lines new business written premiums, due to inherent variability. That variability is often driven by larger policies with annual premiums greater than $100,000.
Other written premiums include premiums ceded to reinsurers as part of our reinsurance ceded program. For our commercial lines insurance segment, an increase in ceded premiums decreased net written premiums by $7 million for the first three months of 2022, compared with the same period of 2021.

Commercial Lines Insurance Premiums
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended March 31,
20222021% Change
Agency renewal written premiums$970 $898 8 
Agency new business written premiums156 145 8 
Other written premiums(30)(24)(25)
Net written premiums1,096 1,019 8 
Unearned premium change(134)(133)(1)
Earned premiums$962 $886 9 
 
•Combined ratio – The commercial lines combined ratio for the first quarter of 2022 increased by 6.9 percentage points, compared with first-quarter 2021, including a decrease of 2.8 points in losses from catastrophes. Underwriting results also included a higher ratio for loss experience for the current accident year and a lower level of favorable reserve development on prior accident years.
The ratio for current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses for commercial lines increased in the first three months of 2022. That 61.2% ratio was 1.2 percentage points higher, compared with the 60.0% accident year 2021 ratio measured as of March 31, 2021, including an increase of 5.1 percentage points in the ratio for large losses of $1 million or more per claim, discussed below.
Catastrophe losses and loss expenses accounted for 1.4 percentage points of the combined ratio for the first three months of 2022, compared with 4.2 percentage points for the same period a year ago. Through 2021, the 10-year annual average for that catastrophe measure for the commercial lines segment was 5.5 percentage points, and the five-year annual average was 5.8 percentage points.
The net effect of reserve development on prior accident years during the first three months of 2022 was favorable for commercial lines overall by $18 million, compared with $83 million for the same period in 2021. For the first three months of 2022, our workers' compensation and commercial auto lines of business were the main contributors to the commercial lines net favorable reserve development on prior accident years. The net favorable reserve development recognized during the first three months of 2022 for our commercial lines insurance segment was primarily for accident years 2020 and 2021 and was primarily due to lower-than-anticipated loss emergence on known claims. Reserve estimates are inherently uncertain as described in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Critical Accounting Estimates, Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Reserves, Page 52.
The commercial lines underwriting expense ratio increased for the first quarter of 2022, compared with the same period a year ago, primarily due to an increase in profit-sharing commissions for agencies and related expenses. The ratio also included ongoing expense management efforts and higher earned premiums.
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Commercial Lines Insurance Losses Incurred by Size
(Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance)Three months ended March 31,
20222021% Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million$16 $5 220 
Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million67 26 158 
Large loss prior accident year reserve development21 26 (19)
Total large losses incurred104 57 82 
Losses incurred but not reported38 39 (3)
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses318 261 22 
Catastrophe losses11 35 (69)
Total losses incurred$471 $392 20 
Ratios as a percent of earned premiums:  Pt. Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million1.7 %0.6 %1.1 
Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million6.9 2.9 4.0 
Large loss prior accident year reserve development2.1 3.0 (0.9)
Total large loss ratio10.7 6.5 4.2 
Losses incurred but not reported4.0 4.3 (0.3)
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses33.0 29.4 3.6 
Catastrophe losses1.2 4.0 (2.8)
Total loss ratio48.9 %44.2 %4.7 

We continue to monitor new losses and case reserve increases greater than $1 million for trends in factors such as initial reserve levels, loss cost inflation and claim settlement expenses. Our analysis continues to indicate no unexpected concentration of these large losses and case reserve increases by risk category, geographic region, policy inception, agency or field marketing territory. The first-quarter 2022 commercial lines total large losses incurred of $104 million, net of reinsurance, were higher than the quarterly average of $95 million during full-year 2021 and the $57 million of total large losses incurred for the first quarter of 2021. The increase in commercial lines large losses for the first three months of 2022 was primarily due to our commercial property line of business. The first-quarter 2022 ratio for commercial lines total large losses was 4.2 percentage points higher than last year's first-quarter ratio. We believe results for the three-month period largely reflected normal fluctuations in loss patterns and normal variability in large case reserves for claims above $1 million.

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PERSONAL LINES INSURANCE RESULTS
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended March 31,
20222021% Change
Earned premiums$402 $376 7 
Fee revenues1 1 0 
Total revenues403 377 7 
Loss and loss expenses from:   
Current accident year before catastrophe losses221 215 3 
Current accident year catastrophe losses28 78 (64)
Prior accident years before catastrophe losses(13)(17)24 
Prior accident years catastrophe losses(21)(3)(600)
Loss and loss expenses215 273 (21)
Underwriting expenses123 107 15 
Underwriting profit (loss)$65 $(3)nm
Ratios as a percent of earned premiums:  Pt. Change
Current accident year before catastrophe losses55.0 %57.3 %(2.3)
Current accident year catastrophe losses6.9 20.6 (13.7)
Prior accident years before catastrophe losses(3.2)(4.5)1.3 
Prior accident years catastrophe losses(5.2)(0.8)(4.4)
Loss and loss expenses53.5 72.6 (19.1)
Underwriting expenses30.4 28.5 1.9 
Combined ratio83.9 %101.1 %(17.2)
Combined ratio83.9 %101.1 %(17.2)
Contribution from catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development(1.5)15.3 (16.8)
Combined ratio before catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development85.4 %85.8 %(0.4)

Overview
Performance highlights for the personal lines segment include:
•Premiums – Personal lines earned premiums and net written premiums continued to grow during the first three months of 2022, including increased new business and renewal written premiums that included higher average pricing. Personal lines net written premiums from high net worth policies totaled approximately $176 million for the first three months of 2022, compared with $133 million for the same period of 2021. The table below analyzes the primary components of premiums.
Agency renewal written premiums increased 10% for the first three months of 2022, reflecting rate increases in selected states and other factors such as changes in policy deductibles or mix of business. We estimate that premium rates for our personal auto line of business increased at average percentages in the low-single-digit range during the first three months of 2022. For our homeowner line of business, we estimate that premium rates for the first three months of 2022 increased at average percentages in the mid-single-digit range. For both our personal auto and homeowner lines of business, some individual policies experienced lower or higher rate changes based on each risk's specific characteristics and enhanced pricing precision enabled by predictive models.
Personal lines new business written premiums increased 13% for the first three months of 2022, compared with the same period of 2021. We believe underwriting and pricing discipline was maintained in recent quarters, and growth was supported by expanded use of enhanced pricing precision tools, including excess and surplus lines homeowner policies.
Other written premiums include premiums ceded to reinsurers as part of our reinsurance ceded program. For our personal lines insurance segment, an increase in ceded premiums decreased net written premiums by less than $1 million for the first three months of 2022, compared with the same period of 2021.

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We continue working to enhance our responsiveness to marketplace changes and to help achieve our long-term objectives for personal lines growth and profitability.
Personal Lines Insurance Premiums
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended March 31,
20222021% Change
Agency renewal written premiums$333 $302 10 
Agency new business written premiums52 46 13 
Other written premiums(11)(10)(10)
Net written premiums374 338 11 
Unearned premium change28 38 (26)
Earned premiums$402 $376 7 
 
•Combined ratio – Our personal lines combined ratio for the first quarter of 2022 improved by 17.2 percentage points, compared with first-quarter 2021, including a lower ratio for current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses and a decrease of 18.1 points in losses from catastrophes.
The ratio for current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses for personal lines improved in the first three months of 2022. That 55.0% ratio was 2.3 percentage points lower, compared with the 57.3% accident year 2021 ratio measured as of March 31, 2021, including an increase of 3.2 percentage points in the ratio for large losses of $1 million or more per claim, discussed below.
Catastrophe losses and loss expenses accounted for 1.7 percentage points of the combined ratio for the first three months of 2022, compared with 19.8 percentage points for the same period a year ago. The 10-year annual average catastrophe loss ratio for the personal lines segment through 2021 was 10.8 percentage points, and the five-year annual average was 12.0 percentage points.
In addition to the average rate increases discussed above, we continue to refine our pricing to better match premiums to the risk of loss on individual policies. Improved pricing precision and broad-based rate increases are expected to help position the combined ratio at a profitable level over the long term. In addition, greater geographic diversification is expected to reduce the volatility of homeowner loss ratios attributable to weather-related catastrophe losses over time.
The net effect of reserve development on prior accident years during the first quarter of 2022 was favorable for personal lines overall by $34 million, compared with $20 million of favorable development for the first three months of 2021. Our homeowner line of business was the primary contributor to the personal lines net favorable reserve development for the first three months of 2022. The net favorable reserve development was primarily due to lower-than-anticipated loss emergence on known claims. Reserve estimates are inherently uncertain as described in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Critical Accounting Estimates, Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Reserves, Page 52.
The personal lines underwriting expense ratio increased for the first quarter of 2022, compared with the same period a year ago, primarily due to an increase in profit-sharing commissions for agencies and related expenses. The ratio also included ongoing expense management efforts and higher earned premiums.
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Personal Lines Insurance Losses Incurred by Size
(Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance)Three months ended March 31,
20222021% Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million$7 $— nm
Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million11 4 175 
Large loss prior accident year reserve development4 (1)nm
Total large losses incurred22 3 nm
Losses incurred but not reported(14)41 nm
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses165 130 27 
Catastrophe losses6 74 (92)
Total losses incurred$179 $248 (28)
Ratios as a percent of earned premiums:  Pt. Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million1.7 %— %1.7 
Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million2.7 1.2 1.5 
Large loss prior accident year reserve development1.1 (0.3)1.4 
Total large loss ratio5.5 0.9 4.6 
Losses incurred but not reported(3.6)11.0 (14.6)
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses41.2 34.4 6.8 
Catastrophe losses1.4 19.6 (18.2)
Total loss ratio44.5 %65.9 %(21.4)

We continue to monitor new losses and case reserve increases greater than $1 million for trends in factors such as initial reserve levels, loss cost inflation and claim settlement expenses. Our analysis continues to indicate no unexpected concentration of these large losses and case reserve increases by risk category, geographic region, policy inception, agency or field marketing territory. In the first quarter of 2022, the personal lines total large loss ratio, net of reinsurance, was 4.6 percentage points higher than last year's first quarter. The increase in personal lines large losses for the first three months of 2022 occurred primarily for our homeowner line of business. We believe results for the three-month period largely reflected normal fluctuations in loss patterns and normal variability in large case reserves for claims above $1 million.

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EXCESS AND SURPLUS LINES INSURANCE RESULTS
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended March 31,
20222021% Change
Earned premiums$112 $89 26 
Fee revenues1 — nm
Total revenues113 89 27 
Loss and loss expenses from:   
Current accident year before catastrophe losses70 54 30 
Current accident year catastrophe losses1 1 0 
Prior accident years before catastrophe losses(5)4 nm
Prior accident years catastrophe losses— — 0 
Loss and loss expenses66 59 12 
Underwriting expenses31 22 41 
Underwriting profit$16 $8 100 
Ratios as a percent of earned premiums:  Pt. Change
Current accident year before catastrophe losses61.8 %61.0 %0.8 
Current accident year catastrophe losses1.5 1.3 0.2 
Prior accident years before catastrophe losses(4.6)4.7 (9.3)
Prior accident years catastrophe losses(0.4)(0.3)(0.1)
Loss and loss expenses58.3 66.7 (8.4)
Underwriting expenses27.6 25.3 2.3 
Combined ratio85.9 %92.0 %(6.1)
Combined ratio85.9 %92.0 %(6.1)
Contribution from catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development(3.5)5.7 (9.2)
Combined ratio before catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development89.4 %86.3 %3.1 
 
Overview
Performance highlights for the excess and surplus lines segment include:
•Premiums – Excess and surplus lines net written premiums continued to grow during the first three months of 2022, compared with the same period a year ago, primarily due to an increase in agency renewal written premiums. Renewal written premiums rose 24% for the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared with the same period of 2021, reflecting the opportunity to renew many accounts for the first time, as well as higher renewal pricing. For the first three months of 2022, excess and surplus lines policy renewals experienced estimated average price increases at percentages in the high-single-digit range. We measure average changes in excess and surplus lines renewal pricing as the percentage rate of change in renewal premium for the new policy period compared with the premium for the expiring policy period, assuming no change in the level of insured exposures or policy coverage between those periods for respective policies.
New business written premiums produced by agencies increased by 24% for the first quarter of 2022 compared with the same period of 2021, as we continued to carefully underwrite each policy in a highly competitive market. Some of what we report as new business came from accounts that were not new to our agents. We believe our agents' seasoned accounts tend to be priced more accurately than business that may be less familiar to them.
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Excess and Surplus Lines Insurance Premiums
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended March 31,
20222021% Change
Agency renewal written premiums$94 $76 24 
Agency new business written premiums36 29 24 
Other written premiums(6)(6)0 
Net written premiums124 99 25 
Unearned premium change(12)(10)(20)
Earned premiums$112 $89 26 
 
•Combined ratio – The excess and surplus lines combined ratio improved by 6.1 percentage points for the first quarter of 2022, compared with the same period of 2021, primarily due to favorable reserve development on prior accident years. The IBNR portion of the total loss and loss expense ratio before catastrophe losses was 20.8 percentage points lower for the first three months of 2022, compared with the same period a year ago, while the paid portion was 10.0 points lower and the case incurred portion was 12.3 points higher.
The ratio for current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses for excess and surplus lines increased in the first three months of 2022. That 61.8% ratio was 0.8 percentage points higher, compared with the 61.0% accident year 2021 ratio measured as of March 31, 2021, including an increase of 2.4 percentage points in the ratio for large losses of $1 million or more per claim, discussed below.
Excess and surplus lines net reserve development on prior accident years, as a ratio to earned premiums, was a favorable 5.0% for the first three months of 2022, compared with unfavorable net reserve development of 4.4% for the first three months of 2021. The $5 million of net favorable reserve development recognized during the first three months of 2022 was primarily for accident years prior to 2021. The favorable reserve development was due primarily to lower-than-anticipated loss emergence on known claims. Reserve estimates are inherently uncertain as described in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Critical Accounting Estimates, Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Reserves, Page 52.

The excess and surplus lines underwriting expense ratio increased for the first three months of 2022, compared with the same period of 2021, primarily due to an increase in commissions for agencies and related expenses. The ratio also included ongoing expense management efforts and higher earned premiums.
 
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Excess and Surplus Lines Insurance Losses Incurred by Size
(Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance)Three months ended March 31,
20222021% Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million$— $— 0 
Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million4 1 300 
Large loss prior accident year reserve development— (1)100 
Total large losses incurred4 — nm
Losses incurred but not reported12 22 (45)
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses32 15 113 
Catastrophe losses1 1 0 
Total losses incurred$49 $38 29 
Ratios as a percent of earned premiums:  Pt. Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million— %— %0.0 
Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million3.6 1.2 2.4 
Large loss prior accident year reserve development0.3 (1.7)2.0 
Total large loss ratio3.9 (0.5)4.4 
Losses incurred but not reported10.6 24.8 (14.2)
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses27.4 17.8 9.6 
Catastrophe losses1.1 1.0 0.1 
Total loss ratio43.0 %43.1 %(0.1)
 
We continue to monitor new losses and case reserve increases greater than $1 million for trends in factors such as initial reserve levels, loss cost inflation and claim settlement expenses. Our analysis continues to indicate no unexpected concentration of these large losses and case reserve increases by risk category, geographic region, policy inception, agency or field marketing territory. In the first quarter of 2022, the excess and surplus lines total ratio for large losses, net of reinsurance, was 4.4 percentage points higher than last year's first quarter. We believe results for the three-month period largely reflected normal fluctuations in loss patterns and normal variability in large case reserves for claims above $1 million.

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LIFE INSURANCE RESULTS
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended March 31,
20222021% Change
Earned premiums$72 $69 4 
Fee revenues1 1 0 
Total revenues73 70 4 
Contract holders' benefits incurred83 80 4 
Investment interest credited to contract holders(27)(26)(4)
Underwriting expenses incurred19 18 6 
Total benefits and expenses75 72 4 
Life insurance segment loss$(2)$(2)0 
 
Overview
The COVID-19 pandemic did not have a significant effect on our life insurance segment earned premiums or expenses for the first three months of 2022. However, the pandemic did contribute to a moderate increase in death claims in that time period. It is possible we may continue to experience higher than projected future death claims due to the pandemic.

Performance highlights for the life insurance segment include:
•Revenues – Revenues increased for the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared with the same period a year ago, driven by higher earned premiums from term life insurance, our largest life insurance product line.
Net in-force life insurance policy face amounts increased 1% to $78.372 billion at March 31, 2022, from $77.493 billion at year-end 2021.
Fixed annuity deposits received for the three months ended March 31, 2022, were $8 million, compared with $17 million for the same period of 2021. Fixed annuity deposits have a minimal impact to earned premiums because deposits received are initially recorded as liabilities. Profit is earned over time by way of interest rate spreads. We do not write variable or equity-indexed annuities.
Life Insurance Premiums
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended March 31,
20222021% Change
Term life insurance$54 $51 6 
Whole life insurance11 11 0 
Universal life and other 7 7 0 
Net earned premiums$72 $69 4 
 
•Profitability – Our life insurance segment typically reports a small profit or loss on a GAAP basis because profits from investment income spreads are included in our investment segment results. We include only investment income credited to contract holders (including interest assumed in life insurance policy reserve calculations) in our life insurance segment results. A $2 million loss for our life insurance segment was reported in the first three months of 2022 and 2021. Favorable impacts from unlocking of interest rate actuarial assumptions in the first three months of 2022 were mostly offset by less favorable mortality experience compared to the same period of 2021, due in part to pandemic-related death claims.

Life insurance segment benefits and expenses consist principally of contract holders' (policyholders') benefits incurred related to traditional life and interest-sensitive products and operating expenses incurred, net of deferred acquisition costs. Total benefits increased in the first three months of 2022. Life policy and investment contract reserves increased with continued growth in net in-force life insurance policy face amounts partially offset by favorable effects from the unlocking of interest rate actuarial assumptions. Mortality results increased,
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compared with the same period of 2021, and were above our 2022 projections, due in part to pandemic-related death claims.

Underwriting expenses for the first three months of 2022 increased compared to the same period a year ago, largely due to higher commission and general expense levels compared to the same period of 2021.

We recognize that assets under management, capital appreciation and investment income are integral to evaluating the success of the life insurance segment because of the long duration of life products. On a basis that includes investment income and investment gains or losses from life-insurance-related invested assets, the life insurance company reported net income of $10 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, and March 31, 2021.

INVESTMENTS RESULTS
Overview
The investments segment contributes investment income and investment gains and losses to results of operations. Investments traditionally are our primary source of pretax and after-tax profits.
Investment Income
Pretax investment income grew 6% for the first quarter of 2022, compared with the same period of 2021. Interest income increased by $5 million for the first quarter, as net purchases of fixed-maturity securities in recent quarters generally offset the continuing effects of the low interest rate environment. Higher dividend income reflected rising dividend rates and net purchases of equity securities in recent quarters, helping dividend income to grow by $7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022.

Investments Results
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended March 31,
20222021% Change
Total investment income, net of expenses$185 $174 6 
Investment interest credited to contract holders(27)(26)(4)
Investment gains and losses, net(666)504 nm
Investments profit (loss), pretax$(508)$652 nm
We continue to consider the low interest rate environment that has prevailed in recent years as well as the potential for a continuation of the recent spike in both inflation and yields as we position our portfolio. As bonds in our generally laddered portfolio mature or are called over the near term, we will reinvest with a balanced approach, keeping in mind our long term strategy and pursuing attractive risk-adjusted after-tax yields. The table below shows the average pretax yield-to-amortized cost associated with expected principal redemptions for our fixed-maturity portfolio. The expected principal redemptions are based on par amounts and include dated maturities, calls and prefunded municipal bonds that we expect will be called during each respective time period.
(Dollars in millions) % YieldPrincipal redemptions
At March 31, 2022
Fixed-maturity pretax yield profile:
Expected to mature during the remainder of 20223.69 %$554 
Expected to mature during 20233.83 788 
Expected to mature during 20244.31 1,001 
Average yield and total expected maturities from the remainder of 2022 through 20244.00 $2,343 

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The table below shows the average pretax yield-to-amortized cost for fixed-maturity securities acquired during the periods indicated. The average yield for total fixed-maturity securities acquired during the first three months of 2022 was lower than the 4.02% average yield-to-amortized cost of the fixed-maturity securities portfolio at the end of 2021. Our fixed-maturity portfolio's average yield of 4.01% for the first three months of 2022, from the investment income table below, was also lower than the 4.02% yield for the year-end 2021 fixed-maturities portfolio.
Three months ended March 31,
20222021
Average pretax yield-to-amortized cost on new fixed-maturities:
Acquired taxable fixed-maturities3.79 %3.74 %
Acquired tax-exempt fixed-maturities2.71 2.94 
Average total fixed-maturities acquired3.64 3.71 

While our bond portfolio more than covers our insurance reserve liabilities, we believe our diversified common stock portfolio of mainly blue chip, dividend-paying companies represents one of our best investment opportunities for the long term. We discussed our portfolio strategies in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1, Investments Segment, Page 24, and Item 7, Investments Outlook, Page 90. We discuss risks related to our investment income and our fixed-maturity and equity investment portfolios in this quarterly report Item 3, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

The table below provides details about investment income. Average yields in this table are based on the average invested asset and cash amounts indicated in the table, using fixed-maturity securities valued at amortized cost and all other securities at fair value.
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended March 31,
20222021% Change
Investment income:   
Interest$123 $118 4 
Dividends65 58 12 
Other1 2 (50)
Less investment expenses4 4 0 
Investment income, pretax185 174 6 
Less income taxes
29 27 7 
Total investment income, after-tax$156 $147 6 
Investment returns:
Average invested assets plus cash and cash
  equivalents		$24,677 $21,776 
Average yield pretax3.00 %3.20 %
Average yield after-tax2.53 2.70 
Effective tax rate15.6 15.5 
Fixed-maturity returns:
Average amortized cost$12,280 $11,395 
Average yield pretax4.01 %4.14 %
Average yield after-tax3.33 3.45 
Effective tax rate17.0 16.7 
 
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Total Investment Gains and Losses
Investment gains and losses are recognized on the sale of investments, for certain changes in fair values of securities even though we continue to hold the securities or as otherwise required by GAAP. The change in fair value for equity securities still held are included in investment gains and losses and also in net income. The change in unrealized gains or losses for fixed-maturity securities are included as a component of other comprehensive income (OCI). Accounting requirements for the allowance for credit losses for the fixed-maturity portfolio are disclosed in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Page 127.
 
The table below summarizes total investment gains and losses, before taxes.
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended March 31,
20222021
Investment gains and losses:
Equity securities:
Investment gains and losses on securities sold, net$8 $4 
Unrealized gains and losses on securities still held, net(683)487 
Subtotal(675)491 
Fixed maturities:
Gross realized gains4 3 
Gross realized losses(1)— 
Subtotal3 3 
Other 6 10 
Total investment gains and losses reported in net income(666)504 
Change in unrealized investment gains and losses:
Fixed maturities(746)(196)
Total$(1,412)$308 

Of the 4,362 fixed-maturity securities in the portfolio, none were trading below 70% of amortized cost at March 31, 2022. Our asset impairment committee regularly monitors the portfolio, including a quarterly review of the entire portfolio for potential credit losses, resulting in charges disclosed in the table below. We believe that if liquidity in the markets were to significantly deteriorate or economic conditions were to significantly weaken, we could experience declines in portfolio values and possibly increases in the allowance for credit losses or write-downs to fair value.

Fixed-maturity securities written down to fair value due to an intention to be sold and changes in the allowance for credit losses were each less than $1 million for the first three months of 2022. We had no fixed-maturity securities written down to fair value due to an intention to be sold and no allowance for credit losses for the first three months of 2021.

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OTHER
We report as Other the noninvestment operations of the parent company and a noninsurance subsidiary, CFC Investment Company. We also report as Other the underwriting results of Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global, including earned premiums, loss and loss expenses and underwriting expenses in the table below.

Total revenues for the first three months of 2022 for our Other operations increased, compared with the same period of 2021, primarily due to earned premiums from Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global, with increases of $18 million and less than $1 million, respectively. Total expenses for Other increased for the first three months of 2022, primarily due to underwriting expenses from Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global.

Other profit or loss in the table below represents profit or losses before income taxes. Other loss resulted primarily from interest expense from debt of the parent company.
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended March 31,
20222021% Change
Interest and fees on loans and leases$1 $1 0 
Earned premiums142 124 15 
Other revenues1 1 0 
Total revenues144 126 14 
Interest expense13 13 0 
Loss and loss expenses89 88 1 
Underwriting expenses45 38 18 
Operating expenses4 4 0 
Total expenses151 143 6 
 Total other loss$(7)$(17)59 
 
TAXES
We had $87 million of income tax benefit for the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared with $148 million of income tax expense for the same period of 2021. The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2022, was 24.2% compared with 19.3% for the same period last year. The change in our effective tax rate between periods was primarily due to large changes in our net investment gains and losses included in income for the periods.

Historically, we have pursued a strategy of investing some portion of cash flow in tax-advantaged fixed-maturity and equity securities to minimize our overall tax liability and maximize after-tax earnings. See Tax-Exempt Fixed Maturities in this quarterly report Item 3, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk for further discussion on municipal bond purchases in our fixed-maturity investment portfolio. For tax years after 2017, for our property casualty insurance subsidiaries, approximately 75% of interest from tax-advantaged, fixed-maturity investments and approximately 40% of dividends from qualified equities are exempt from federal tax after applying proration. For our noninsurance companies, the dividend received deduction exempts 50% of dividends from qualified equities. Our life insurance company does not own tax-advantaged, fixed-maturity investments or equities subject to the dividend received deduction. Details about our effective tax rate are in this quarterly report Item 1, Note 9, Income Taxes.

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
At March 31, 2022, shareholders' equity was $12.092 billion, compared with $13.105 billion at December 31, 2021. Total debt was $838 million at March 31, 2022, down $5 million from December 31, 2021. At March 31, 2022, cash and cash equivalents totaled $987 million, compared with $1.139 billion at December 31, 2021.

The pandemic did not have a significant effect on our cash flows for the first three months of 2022. In addition to our historically positive operating cash flow to meet the needs of operations, we have the ability to slow investing activities or sell a portion of our high-quality, liquid investment portfolio if such need arises. We also have additional capacity to borrow on our revolving short-term line of credit, as described further below.

SOURCES OF LIQUIDITY
 
Subsidiary Dividends
Our lead insurance subsidiary declared dividends of $504 million to the parent company in the first three months of 2022, compared with $158 million for the same period of 2021. For full-year 2021, our lead insurance subsidiary paid dividends totaling $583 million to the parent company. State of Ohio regulatory requirements restrict the dividends our insurance subsidiary can pay. For full-year 2022, total dividends that our insurance subsidiary can pay to our parent company without regulatory approval are approximately $929 million.
 
Investing Activities
Investment income is a source of liquidity for both the parent company and its insurance subsidiaries. We continue to focus on portfolio strategies to balance near-term income generation and long-term book value growth.
 
Parent company obligations can be funded with income on investments held at the parent-company level or through sales of securities in that portfolio, although our investment philosophy seeks to compound cash flows over the long term. These sources of capital can help minimize subsidiary dividends to the parent company, protecting insurance subsidiary capital.

For a discussion of our historic investment strategy, portfolio allocation and quality, see our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1, Investments Segment, Page 24.
 
Insurance Underwriting
Our property casualty and life insurance underwriting operations provide liquidity because we generally receive premiums before paying losses under the policies purchased with those premiums. After satisfying our cash requirements, we use excess cash flows for investment, increasing future investment income.
 
Historically, cash receipts from property casualty and life insurance premiums, along with investment income, have been more than sufficient to pay claims, operating expenses and dividends to the parent company.
 
The table below shows a summary of the operating cash flow for property casualty insurance (direct method):
(Dollars in millions)Three months ended March 31,
20222021% Change
Premiums collected$1,714 $1,523 13 
Loss and loss expenses paid(890)(705)(26)
Commissions and other underwriting expenses paid(711)(571)(25)
Cash flow from underwriting113 247 (54)
Investment income received128 121 6 
Cash flow from operations$241 $368 (35)
 
Collected premiums for property casualty insurance rose $191 million during the first three months of 2022, compared with the same period in 2021. Loss and loss expenses paid for the 2022 period increased $185 million. Commissions and other underwriting expenses paid increased $140 million.
 
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We discuss our future obligations for claims payments and for underwriting expenses in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Obligations, Page 96.
 
Capital Resources
At March 31, 2022, our debt-to-total-capital ratio was 6.5%, considerably below our 35% covenant threshold, with $789 million in long-term debt and $49 million in borrowing on our revolving short-term line of credit. At March 31, 2022, $251 million was available for future cash management needs as part of the general provisions of the line of credit agreement, with another $300 million available as part of an accordion feature. Based on our capital requirements at March 31, 2022, we do not anticipate a material increase in debt levels exceeding the available line of credit amount during the year. As a result, we expect changes in our debt-to-total-capital ratio to continue to be largely a function of the contribution of unrealized investment gains or losses to shareholders' equity. We have an unsecured letter of credit agreement which provides a portion of the capital needed to support Cincinnati Global's obligations at Lloyd's. The amount of this unsecured letter of credit agreement was $94 million at March 31, 2022, with no amounts drawn.
 
We provide details of our three long-term notes in this quarterly report Item 1, Note 3, Fair Value Measurements. None of the notes are encumbered by rating triggers.
 
Four independent ratings firms award insurer financial strength ratings to our property casualty insurance companies and three firms rate our life insurance company. Those firms made no changes to our parent company debt ratings during the first three months of 2022. Our debt ratings are discussed in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Liquidity and Capital Resources, Long-Term Debt, Page 95.
 
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not use any special-purpose financing vehicles or have any undisclosed off-balance sheet arrangements (as that term is defined in applicable SEC rules) that are reasonably likely to have a current or future material effect on the company's financial condition, results of operation, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources. Similarly, the company holds no fair-value contracts for which a lack of marketplace quotations would necessitate the use of fair-value techniques.
 
USES OF LIQUIDITY
Our parent company and insurance subsidiary have contractual obligations and other commitments. In addition, one of our primary uses of cash is to enhance shareholder return.
 
Contractual Obligations
We estimated our future contractual obligations as of December 31, 2021, in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Contractual Obligations, Page 96. There have been no material changes to our estimates of future contractual obligations since our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Other Commitments
In addition to our contractual obligations, we have other property casualty operational commitments.
•Commissions – Commissions paid were $499 million in the first three months of 2022. Commission payments generally track with written premiums, except for annual profit-sharing commissions typically paid during the first quarter of the year.
•Other underwriting expenses – Many of our underwriting expenses are not contractual obligations, but reflect the ongoing expenses of our business. Noncommission underwriting expenses paid were $212 million in the first three months of 2022.
There were no contributions to our qualified pension plan during the first three months of 2022.
 
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Investing Activities
After fulfilling operating requirements, we invest cash flows from underwriting, investment and other corporate activities in fixed-maturity and equity securities on an ongoing basis to help achieve our portfolio objectives. We discuss our investment strategy and certain portfolio attributes in this quarterly report Item 3, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
 
Uses of Capital
Uses of cash to enhance shareholder return include dividends to shareholders. In January 2022, the board of directors declared regular quarterly cash dividends of 69 cents per share for an indicated annual rate of $2.76 per share. During the first three months of 2022, we used $99 million to pay cash dividends to shareholders.

PROPERTY CASUALTY INSURANCE LOSS AND LOSS EXPENSE RESERVES
For the business lines in the commercial and personal lines insurance segments, and in total for the excess and surplus lines insurance segment and other property casualty insurance operations, the following table details gross reserves among case, IBNR (incurred but not reported) and loss expense reserves, net of salvage and subrogation reserves. Reserving practices are discussed in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Property Casualty Loss and Loss Expense Obligations and Reserves, Page 97.
 
Total gross reserves at March 31, 2022, increased $58 million compared with December 31, 2021. Case loss reserves decreased by $4 million, IBNR loss reserves increased by $45 million and loss expense reserves increased by $17 million. The total gross increase was primarily due to our commercial casualty line of business and also Cincinnati Re.

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Property Casualty Gross Reserves
(Dollars in millions)Loss reservesLoss expense reservesTotal gross reserves 
Case reservesIBNR reservesPercent of total
At March 31, 2022
Commercial lines insurance:     
Commercial casualty$1,045 $791 $710 $2,546 34.9 %
Commercial property348 52 68 468 6.4 
Commercial auto420 218 123 761 10.5 
Workers' compensation426 518 87 1,031 14.1 
Other commercial 101 10 120 231 3.2 
Subtotal2,340 1,589 1,108 5,037 69.1 
Personal lines insurance:     
Personal auto206 54 58 318 4.4 
Homeowner168 74 42 284 3.9 
Other personal82 88 5 175 2.4 
Subtotal456 216 105 777 10.7 
Excess and surplus lines249 198 163 610 8.4 
Cincinnati Re133 483 4 620 8.5 
Cincinnati Global149 92 2 243 3.3 
Total$3,327 $2,578 $1,382 $7,287 100.0 %
At December 31, 2021     
Commercial lines insurance:     
Commercial casualty$1,059 $734 $704 $2,497 34.5 %
Commercial property357 82 62 501 6.9 
Commercial auto419 220 124 763 10.6 
Workers' compensation442 503 85 1,030 14.3 
Other commercial 91 9 116 216 3.0 
Subtotal2,368 1,548 1,091 5,007 69.3 
Personal lines insurance:     
Personal auto211 53 60 324 4.5 
Homeowner168 102 44 314 4.3 
Other personal84 87 5 176 2.4 
Subtotal463 242 109 814 11.2 
Excess and surplus lines233 186 158 577 8.0 
Cincinnati Re117 460 5 582 8.1 
Cincinnati Global150 97 2 249 3.4 
Total$3,331 $2,533 $1,365 $7,229 100.0 %
 
LIFE POLICY AND INVESTMENT CONTRACT RESERVES
Gross life policy and investment contract reserves were $3.027 billion at March 31, 2022, compared with $3.014 billion at year-end 2021, reflecting continued growth in life insurance policies in force. We discuss our life insurance reserving practices in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Life Insurance Policyholder Obligations and Reserves, Page 103.
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OTHER MATTERS
 
SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Our significant accounting policies are discussed in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Page 127, and updated in this quarterly report Item 1, Note 1, Accounting Policies.
 
In conjunction with those discussions, in the Management's Discussion and Analysis in the 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, management reviewed the estimates and assumptions used to develop reported amounts related to the most significant policies. Management discussed the development and selection of those accounting estimates with the audit committee of the board of directors.
 
Item 3.    Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Our greatest exposure to market risk is through our investment portfolio. Market risk is the potential for a decrease in securities' fair value resulting from broad yet uncontrollable forces such as: inflation, economic growth or recession, interest rates, world political conditions or other widespread unpredictable events. It is comprised of many individual risks that, when combined, create a macroeconomic impact.
 
Our view of potential risks and our sensitivity to such risks is discussed in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7A, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk, Page 112.
 
The fair value of our investment portfolio was $23.051 billion at March 31, 2022, down $1.286 billion from year-end 2021, including a $646 million decrease in the fixed-maturity portfolio and a $640 million decrease in the equity portfolio.
(Dollars in millions)At March 31, 2022At December 31, 2021
Cost or 
amortized cost 		Percent 
of total		Fair valuePercent 
of total		Cost or 
amortized cost 		Percent of totalFair valuePercent
of total
Taxable fixed maturities$8,470 51.3 %$8,467 36.7 %$8,344 51.0 %$8,858 36.4 %
Tax-exempt fixed maturities3,860 23.4 3,909 17.0 3,886 23.8 4,164 17.1 
Common equities3,743 22.7 10,245 44.4 3,697 22.6 10,862 44.6 
Nonredeemable preferred
  equities		424 2.6 430 1.9 424 2.6 453 1.9 
Total$16,497 100.0 %$23,051 100.0 %$16,351 100.0 %$24,337 100.0 %

At March 31, 2022, substantially all of our consolidated investment portfolio, measured at fair value, are classified as Level 1 or Level 2. See Item 1, Note 3, Fair Value Measurements, for additional discussion of our valuation techniques.
 
In addition to our investment portfolio, the total investments amount reported in our condensed consolidated balance sheets includes Other invested assets. Other invested assets included $249 million of private equity investments, $35 million of real estate through direct property ownership and development projects in the United States, $34 million in Lloyd's deposits and $30 million of life policy loans at March 31, 2022.
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FIXED-MATURITY SECURITIES INVESTMENTS
By maintaining a well-diversified fixed-maturity portfolio, we attempt to reduce overall risk. We invest new money in the bond market on a regular basis, targeting what we believe to be optimal risk-adjusted, after-tax yields. Risk, in this context, includes interest rate, call, reinvestment rate, credit and liquidity risk. We do not make a concerted effort to alter duration on a portfolio basis in response to anticipated movements in interest rates. By regularly investing in the bond market, we build a broad, diversified portfolio that we believe mitigates the impact of adverse economic factors.

In the first three months of 2022, the decrease in fair value of our fixed-maturity portfolio reflected net purchases of securities, offset by a decrease in net unrealized gains, primarily due to an increase in U.S. Treasury yields and to a lesser degree a widening of corporate credit spreads. At March 31, 2022, our fixed-maturity portfolio with an average rating of A3/A was valued at 100.4% of its amortized cost, compared with 106.5% at December 31, 2021.
 
At March 31, 2022, our investment-grade and noninvestment-grade fixed-maturity securities represented 79.9% and 5.1% of the portfolio, respectively. The remaining 15.0% represented fixed-maturity securities that were not rated by Moody's or S&P Global Ratings.

Attributes of the fixed-maturity portfolio include:
At March 31, 2022At December 31, 2021
Weighted average yield-to-amortized cost4.00 %4.02 %
Weighted average maturity7.9yrs8.0yrs
Effective duration4.9yrs4.8yrs
 
We discuss maturities of our fixed-maturity portfolio in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 2, Investments, Page 134, and in this quarterly report Item 2, Investments Results.
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TAXABLE FIXED MATURITIES
Our taxable fixed-maturity portfolio, with a fair value of $8.467 billion at March 31, 2022, included:
(Dollars in millions) At March 31, 2022At December 31, 2021
Investment-grade corporate$6,535 $6,807 
States, municipalities and political subdivisions901 931 
Noninvestment-grade corporate614 690 
Commercial mortgage-backed266 273 
United States government112 123 
Foreign government25 26 
Government-sponsored enterprises14 8 
Total$8,467 $8,858 
 
Our strategy is to buy, and typically hold, fixed-maturity investments to maturity, but we monitor credit profiles and fair value movements when determining holding periods for individual securities. With the exception of United States agency issues that include government-sponsored enterprises, no individual issuer's securities accounted for more than 0.9% of the taxable fixed-maturity portfolio at March 31, 2022. Our investment-grade corporate bonds had an average rating of Baa2 by Moody's or BBB by S&P Global Ratings and represented 77.2% of the taxable fixed-maturity portfolio's fair value at March 31, 2022, compared with 76.9% at year-end 2021.
 
The heaviest concentration in our investment-grade corporate bond portfolio, based on fair value at
March 31, 2022, was the financial sector. It represented 41.0% of our investment-grade corporate bond portfolio, compared with 41.4% at year-end 2021. The energy sector represented 10.7% and was less than 10% at year-end 2021. No other sector exceeded 10% of our investment-grade corporate bond portfolio.

Our taxable fixed-maturity portfolio at March 31, 2022, included $266 million of commercial mortgage-backed securities with an average rating of Aa2/AA.
TAX-EXEMPT FIXED MATURITIES
At March 31, 2022, we had $3.909 billion of tax-exempt fixed-maturity securities with an average rating of Aa2/AA by Moody's and S&P Global Ratings. We traditionally have purchased municipal bonds focusing on general obligation and essential services issues, such as water, waste disposal or others. The portfolio is well diversified among approximately 1,700 municipal bond issuers. No single municipal issuer accounted for more than 0.6% of the tax-exempt fixed-maturity portfolio at March 31, 2022.

INTEREST RATE SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
Because of our strong surplus, long-term investment horizon and ability to hold most fixed-maturity investments until maturity, we believe the company is adequately positioned if interest rates were to rise. Although the fair values of our existing holdings may suffer, a higher rate environment would provide the opportunity to invest cash flow in higher-yielding securities, while reducing the likelihood of untimely redemptions of currently callable securities. While higher interest rates would be expected to continue to increase the number of fixed-maturity holdings trading below 100% of amortized cost, we believe lower fixed-maturity security values due solely to interest rate changes would not signal a decline in credit quality. We continue to manage the portfolio with an eye toward both meeting current income needs and managing interest rate risk.
 
Our dynamic financial planning model uses analytical tools to assess market risks. As part of this model, the effective duration of the fixed-maturity portfolio is continually monitored by our investment department to evaluate the theoretical impact of interest rate movements.
 
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The table below summarizes the effect of hypothetical changes in interest rates on the fair value of the fixed-maturity portfolio:
(Dollars in millions)Effect from interest rate change in basis points
-200  -100 -100 200
At March 31, 2022$13,620 $12,989 $12,376 $11,763 $11,151 
At December 31, 2021$14,327 $13,656 $13,022 $12,399 $11,768 
 
The effective duration of the fixed-maturity portfolio as of March 31, 2022, was 4.9 years, up from 4.8 years at year-end 2021. The above table is a theoretical presentation showing that an instantaneous, parallel shift in the yield curve of 100 basis points could produce an approximately 5.0% change in the fair value of the fixed-maturity portfolio. Generally speaking, the higher a bond is rated, the more directly correlated movements in its fair value are to changes in the general level of interest rates, exclusive of call features. The fair values of average- to lower-rated corporate bonds are additionally influenced by the expansion or contraction of credit spreads.
 
In our dynamic financial planning model, the selected interest rate change of 100 to 200 basis points represents our view of a shift in rates that is quite possible over a one-year period. The rates modeled should not be considered a prediction of future events as interest rates may be much more volatile in the future. The analysis is not intended to provide a precise forecast of the effect of changes in rates on our results or financial condition, nor does it take into account any actions that we might take to reduce exposure to such risks.

EQUITY INVESTMENTS
Our equity investments, with a fair value totaling $10.675 billion at March 31, 2022, included $10.245 billion of common stock securities of companies generally with strong indications of paying and growing their dividends. Other criteria we evaluate include increasing sales and earnings, proven management and a favorable outlook. We believe our equity investment style is an appropriate long-term strategy. While our long-term financial position would be affected by prolonged changes in the market valuation of our investments, we believe our strong surplus position and cash flow provide a cushion against short-term fluctuations in valuation. Continued payment of cash dividends by the issuers of our common equity holdings can provide a floor to their valuation.

The table below summarizes the effect of hypothetical changes in market prices on fair value of our equity portfolio.
(Dollars in millions)Effect from market price change in percent
 -30%-20%-10%—10%20%30%
At March 31, 2022$7,473 $8,540 $9,608 $10,675 $11,743 $12,810 $13,878 
At December 31, 2021$7,921 $9,052 $10,184 $11,315 $12,447 $13,578 $14,710 

At March 31, 2022, Apple Inc. (Nasdaq:AAPL) was our largest single common stock holding with a fair value of $848 million, or 8.3% of our publicly traded common stock portfolio and 3.7% of the total investment portfolio. Forty-four holdings among 10 different sectors each had a fair value greater than $100 million.
 
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Common Stock Portfolio Industry Sector Distribution
 Percent of common stock portfolio
 At March 31, 2022At December 31, 2021
Cincinnati
 Financial		S&P 500 Industry
Weightings		Cincinnati
Financial		S&P 500 Industry
Weightings
Sector:    
Information technology30.1 %28.0 %31.1 %29.2 %
Healthcare14.2 13.6 13.5 13.3 
Financial13.9 11.1 14.2 10.7 
Industrials11.0 7.9 11.1 7.8 
Consumer staples7.3 6.1 6.9 5.9 
Consumer discretionary7.1 12.0 8.3 12.5 
Energy5.2 3.9 4.0 2.7 
Materials4.1 2.6 4.4 2.5 
Utilities2.9 2.7 2.2 2.5 
Real estate2.6 2.7 2.7 2.8 
Telecomm services1.6 9.4 1.6 10.1 
Total100.0 %100.0 %100.0 %100.0 %
 
UNREALIZED INVESTMENT GAINS AND LOSSES
At March 31, 2022, unrealized investment gains before taxes for the fixed-maturity portfolio totaled $291 million and unrealized investment losses amounted to $245 million before taxes.
 
The $46 million net unrealized gain position in our fixed-maturity portfolio at March 31, 2022, decreased in the first three months of 2022, primarily due to an increase in U.S. Treasury yields and to a lesser degree a widening of corporate credit spreads. The net gain position for our current fixed-maturity holdings will naturally decline over time as individual securities mature. In addition, changes in interest rates can cause rapid, significant changes in fair values of fixed-maturity securities and the net gain position, as discussed in Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

For federal income tax purposes, taxes on gains from appreciated investments generally are not due until securities are sold. We believe that the appreciated value of equity securities, compared with the cost of securities that is generally used as a tax basis, is a useful measure to help evaluate how fair value can change over time. On this basis, the net unrealized investment gains at March 31, 2022, consisted of a net gain position in our equity portfolio of $6.508 billion. Events or factors such as economic growth or recession can affect the fair value and unrealized investment gains of our equity securities. The five largest holdings in our common stock portfolio were Apple, Microsoft (Nasdaq:MSFT), Accenture Co. (NYSE:ACN), UnitedHealth Group Inc. (NYSE:UNH) and BlackRock Inc. (NYSE:BLK), which had a combined fair value of $2.633 billion.

Unrealized Investment Losses
We expect the number of fixed-maturity securities trading below amortized cost to fluctuate as interest rates rise or fall and credit spreads expand or contract due to prevailing economic conditions. Further, amortized costs for some securities are revised through write-downs recognized in prior periods. At March 31, 2022, 1,377 of the 4,362 fixed-maturity securities we owned had fair values below amortized cost, compared with 278 of the 4,329 securities we owned at year-end 2021. The 1,377 holdings with fair values below amortized cost at March 31, 2022, represented 31.6% of the fair value of our fixed-maturity investment portfolio and $245 million in unrealized losses.
•1,103 of the 1,377 holdings had fair value between 90% and 100% of amortized cost at March 31, 2022. These primarily consist of securities whose current valuation is largely the result of interest rate factors. The fair value of these 1,103 securities was $3.063 billion, and they accounted for $121 million in unrealized losses.
•274 of the 1,377 fixed-maturity holdings had fair value between 70% and 90% of amortized cost at
March 31, 2022. We believe the 274 fixed-maturity securities will continue to pay interest and ultimately pay
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principal upon maturity. The issuers of these 274 securities have strong cash flow to service their debt and meet their contractual obligation to make principal payments. The fair value of these securities was $846 million, and they accounted for $124 million in unrealized losses.
•None of the fixed-maturity holdings had fair value below 70% of amortized cost at March 31, 2022.

The table below reviews fair values and unrealized losses by investment category and by the overall duration of the securities' continuous unrealized loss position.
(Dollars in millions)Less than 12 months12 months or moreTotal
At March 31, 2022Fair valueUnrealized
 losses		Fair valueUnrealized
 losses		Fair
 value		Unrealized
 losses
Fixed maturity securities:      
Corporate $2,603 $157 $78 $9 $2,681 $166 
States, municipalities and political subdivisions977 72 21 4 998 76 
Commercial mortgage-backed128 2 10 — 138 2 
United States government72 1 — — 72 1 
Foreign government7 — — — 7 — 
Government-sponsored enterprises10 — 3 — 13 — 
Total$3,797 $232 $112 $13 $3,909 $245 
At December 31, 2021      
Fixed maturity securities:     
Corporate $861 $13 $15 $— $876 $13 
States, municipalities and political subdivisions105 2 2 1 107 3 
Commercial mortgage-backed10 — 11 — 21 — 
United States government48 — — — 48 — 
Foreign government16 — — — 16 — 
Government-sponsored enterprises7 — — — 7 — 
Total$1,047 $15 $28 $1 $1,075 $16 
 
At March 31, 2022, applying our invested asset impairment policy, we determined that the total of $245 million, for securities in an unrealized loss position in the table above, was not the result of a credit loss.

During the first three months of 2022, one fixed-maturity security that was written down to fair value, due to an intention to be sold, and changes in allowance for credit losses were each less than $1 million. During the first three months of 2021, no securities were written down to fair value due to an intention to be sold and we had no allowance for credit losses.

During the full year of 2021, we wrote down five securities and recorded $1 million in impairment charges. At December 31, 2021, 278 fixed-maturity securities with a total unrealized loss of $16 million were in an unrealized loss position. Of that total, no fixed-maturity securities had fair values below 70% of amortized cost.

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The following table summarizes the investment portfolio by severity of decline:
(Dollars in millions)Number
of issues		Amortized
cost		Fair valueGross unrealized 
gain (loss)		Gross investment income
At March 31, 2022
Taxable fixed maturities:
Fair valued below 70% of amortized cost— $— $— $— $— 
Fair valued at 70% to less than 100% of amortized cost974 3,607 3,403 (204)32 
Fair valued at 100% and above of amortized cost1,146 4,863 5,064 201 58 
Investment income on securities sold in current year— — — — 2 
Total2,120 8,470 8,467 (3)92 
Tax-exempt fixed maturities:     
Fair valued below 70% of amortized cost— — — — — 
Fair valued at 70% to less than 100% of amortized cost403 547 506 (41)4 
Fair valued at 100% and above of amortized cost1,839 3,313 3,403 90 27 
Investment income on securities sold in current year— — — — — 
Total2,242 3,860 3,909 49 31 
Fixed-maturities summary:     
Fair valued below 70% of amortized cost— — — — — 
Fair valued at 70% to less than 100% of amortized cost1,377 4,154 3,909 (245)36 
Fair valued at 100% and above of amortized cost2,985 8,176 8,467 291 85 
Investment income on securities sold in current year— — — — 2 
Total4,362 $12,330 $12,376 $46 $123 
At December 31, 2021     
Fixed-maturities summary:     
Fair valued below 70% of amortized cost— $— $— $— $— 
Fair valued at 70% to less than 100% of amortized cost278 1,091 1,075 (16)17 
Fair valued at 100% and above of amortized cost4,051 11,139 11,947 808 427 
Investment income on securities sold in current year— — — — 33 
Total4,329 $12,230 $13,022 $792 $477 
 
See our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Critical Accounting Estimates, Asset Impairment, Page 57.

Item 4.        Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures – The company maintains disclosure controls and procedures (as that term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act)).
 
Any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. The company's management, with the participation of the company's chief executive officer and chief financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of the company's disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2022. Based upon that evaluation, the company's chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that the design and operation of the company's disclosure controls and procedures provided reasonable assurance that the disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure:
•that information required to be disclosed in the company's reports under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms, and
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•that such information is accumulated and communicated to the company's management, including its chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting – During the three months ended March 31, 2022, there were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. There was no significant impact to our internal controls over financial reporting while the majority of our associates were working remotely due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Part II – Other Information
Item 1.    Legal Proceedings
Neither the company nor any of our subsidiaries are involved in any litigation believed to be material other than ordinary, routine litigation incidental to the nature of our business.
Item 1A.    Risk Factors
Our risk factors have not changed materially since they were described in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 24, 2022. Investors should not interpret the disclosure of a risk to imply that the risk has not already materialized.
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Item 2.    Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
We did not sell any of our shares that were not registered under the Securities Act during the first three months of 2022. Our repurchase program does not have an expiration date. On January 26, 2018, an additional 15 million shares were authorized, which expanded our current repurchase program. We have 10,701,785 shares available for purchase under our programs at March 31, 2022.
PeriodTotal number
 of shares
 purchased		Average
 price paid
 per share		Total number of shares purchased as part of
publicly announced
plans or programs		Maximum number of
shares that may yet be
purchased under the
plans or programs
January 1-31, 2022— — — 11,076,785 
February 1-28, 2022200,000 $120.06 200,000 10,876,785 
March 1-31, 2022175,000 120.03 175,000 10,701,785 
Totals375,000 120.05 375,000  
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Item 6.    Exhibits
Exhibit No.Exhibit Description
3.1
3.2
31A
31B
32
101.INS
The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCHXBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CALXBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEFXBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LABXBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PREXBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)
 
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SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
CINCINNATI FINANCIAL CORPORATION
Date: April 28, 2022
/S/ Michael J. Sewell
Michael J. Sewell, CPA
Chief Financial Officer, Senior Vice President and Treasurer
(Principal Accounting Officer)
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Page 66
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